Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are strong toxic compounds mainly released to the environment during combustion of fossil fuels, and have strong toxic effects on living organisms, with soil being one of their main reservoirs. High PAH levels in soils can interfere with plant growth and biomass production, causing several losses of diversity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the co-inoculation of Trichoderma viride and Funneliformis mosseae on PAH dissipation and alleviation of oxidative stress in Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) plants growing in a phenanthrene-spiked soil. We determined the effect of single and dual fungal inoculation on phenanthrene dissipation rates, soil enzyme activities, dry biomass, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and organic acid exudation of plants growing in a soil spiked with phenanthrene at 500 and 1000 mg kg−1 soil. The co-inoculation with T. viride and F. mosseae resulted in a high phenanthrene dissipation from the soil. Also, dry biomass, soil enzymes, antioxidant response, organic acid exudation and phenanthrene content in roots were increased by the dual inoculation treatments, whereas lipid peroxidation and phenanthrene content in shoots were reduced. Our results show that the co-inoculation with these two soil fungi significantly promotes phenanthrene dissipation from soil and contributes to alleviating oxidative damage in wheat plants exposed to high levels of phenanthrene.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Dual fungal inoculation increased phenanthrene dissipation from soil.
- Taxon
- Triticum Aestivum L.t0
- Treatment
- co-inoculation with T. viride and F. mosseaee0
- Interactor
- T. viride
Trichoderma viridee0symbiont - Second interactor
- F. mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee0symbiont - Outcome
- phenanthrene dissipation from the soile0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-inoculation with T. viride and F. mosseae resulted in a high phenanthrene dissipation from the soil”
t0“Triticum Aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual fungal inoculation increased wheat dry biomass.
- Taxon
- Triticum Aestivum L.t0
- Treatment
- dual inoculation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- dry biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“dry biomass, soil enzymes, antioxidant response, organic acid exudation and phenanthrene content in roots were increased by the dual inoculation treatments”
t0“Triticum Aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual fungal inoculation increased soil enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- Triticum Aestivum L.t0
- Treatment
- dual inoculation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- soil enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“dry biomass, soil enzymes, antioxidant response, organic acid exudation and phenanthrene content in roots were increased by the dual inoculation treatments”
t0“Triticum Aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual fungal inoculation increased antioxidant response and organic acid exudation.
- Taxon
- Triticum Aestivum L.t0
- Treatment
- dual inoculation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant response, organic acid exudatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“dry biomass, soil enzymes, antioxidant response, organic acid exudation and phenanthrene content in roots were increased by the dual inoculation treatments”
t0“Triticum Aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual fungal inoculation increased phenanthrene content in wheat roots.
- Taxon
- Triticum Aestivum L.t0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- dual inoculation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- phenanthrene content in rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“phenanthrene content in roots were increased by the dual inoculation treatments”
t0“Triticum Aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual fungal inoculation reduced lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- Triticum Aestivum L.t0
- Treatment
- dual inoculation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“dual inoculation treatments, whereas lipid peroxidation and phenanthrene content in shoots were reduced”
t0“Triticum Aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual fungal inoculation reduced phenanthrene content in wheat shoots.
- Taxon
- Triticum Aestivum L.t0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- dual inoculation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- phenanthrene content in shootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“dual inoculation treatments, whereas lipid peroxidation and phenanthrene content in shoots were reduced”
t0“Triticum Aestivum L.”
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