Abstract
The traffic-induced soil compaction in the field has gradually become an important constraint to sustainable agricultural development. A field experiment was conducted to acquire the stress transmitted caused by multiple passes with different types of tractors and to investigate the impact of these stresses on soil bulk density and crop growth. The experiment applied two tractors with different masses: LOVOL M904 (HC) and John Deer 280 (LC), and six different treatments of 0 (C0), 1 (C1), 3 (C3), 5 (C5), 7 (C7), and 9 (C9) tractor passes for each tractor. The results showed that at each number of passes, tractors with small axle-loads at 0–20 cm depth generated higher soil additional stress, while tractors with large axle-loads at 20–80 cm depth generated higher soil additional stress. In the 0–20 cm soil layer, when the number of continuous passes is less than 7 times, the passes of a small axle-load tractor lead to larger soil bulk density, and when the number of continuous passes is more than 7, the compaction of large axle-load tractor leads to larger soil bulk density. At depths of 20–80 cm, compaction by large axle-load tractors results in larger soil bulk density. In this study, different levels of tractor compaction inhibited key growth indicators of maize, resulting in yield reductions. The effect of different tractor load compaction on maize yield increased significantly with the number of compaction passes, with 1–5 tractor passes having no significant effect on yield and 7–9 passes producing greater yield reductions for HC. This study will provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the selection of agricultural machinery and reasonable tillage technology.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Small axle loads produced higher shallow soil stress at each pass number.
Zea maysNot reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at each number of passes, tractors with small axle-loads at 0–20 cm depth generated higher soil additional stress”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Large axle loads produced higher deeper soil stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tractors with large axle-loads at 20–80 cm depth generated higher soil additional stress”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Below seven passes, small axle loads caused greater shallow soil bulk density.
- Treatment
- passes of a small axle-load tractore0
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye0
- Direction
- largere0
- Qualifier
- less than 7 timese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when the number of continuous passes is less than 7 times, the passes of a small axle-load tractor lead to larger soil bulk density”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Above seven passes, large axle loads caused greater shallow soil bulk density.
- Treatment
- compaction of large axle-load tractore0
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye0
- Direction
- largere0
- Qualifier
- more than 7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when the number of continuous passes is more than 7, the compaction of large axle-load tractor leads to larger soil bulk density”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Large axle loads caused greater deeper soil bulk density.
- Treatment
- compaction by large axle-load tractorse0
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye0
- Direction
- largere0
- Qualifier
- 20–80 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At depths of 20–80 cm, compaction by large axle-load tractors results in larger soil bulk density.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Tractor compaction inhibited maize growth indicators.
- Treatment
- different levels of tractor compactione0
- Outcome
- key growth indicators of maizee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“different levels of tractor compaction inhibited key growth indicators of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Tractor compaction reduced maize yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“different levels of tractor compaction inhibited key growth indicators of maize, resulting in yield reductions”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of tractor load compaction on maize yield increased with pass number.
- Treatment
- different tractor load compactione0
- Outcome
- effect of different tractor load compaction on maize yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of different tractor load compaction on maize yield increased significantly with the number of compaction passes”
Claim · model-written summary
One to five tractor passes had no significant yield effect.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1–5 tractor passes having no significant effect on yield”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Seven to nine HC passes caused greater yield reductions.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“7–9 passes producing greater yield reductions for HC”
t0“Maize”
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