Abstract
Abstract No‐tillage systems on fine‐textured soil are not well suited for corn ( Zea mays L.) because of problems with excess water, lower temperatures, and residue management during the early stages of corn growth. This is a problem, as corn is commonly used in rotation with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Furthermore, when corn follows winter wheat there may be additional problems associated with residue management during the early stages of corn growth. Hence, the objectives of this study were to measure the effect of the red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) cover crop underseeded in wheat and no‐tillage on soil temperature, water content, corn emergence, surface residue, and yields in a wheat‐cornsoybean rotation in southwestern Ontario. Treatments included conventional vs. no‐tillage both with and without underseeded red clover in a wheat‐corn‐soybean rotation in a clay loam soil. A no‐tillage and red clover treatment that had the wheat straw baled was also included. No‐tillage (with and without red clover) increased soil water content by 2 to 5% and reduced soil temperatures by 1 to 2°C during early corn emergence. Soil drying occurred along the planting slot of the no‐tillage treatments, which enabled the soil seed furrow to open and the corn seedlings to become water stressed even though the notillage treatments were wetter in the spring. Corn emergence in the no‐tillage treatment without red clover was delayed by 3 to 4 d and the final plant stand was reduced by 24% compared with the conventional tillage treatment. The no‐tillage treatment without red clover had 13% lower corn grain yield than the conventional tillage treatment averaged over three years. However, when red clover was included with no‐tillage, corn emergence was increased and corn grain yields were not significantly different from conventional tillage in both 1994 and 1996. There was also 15% less dry weight of surface plant residue present in the no‐tillage treatments when red clover was included. Hence, red clover alleviated some of the problems of no‐tillage for corn production.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage increased soil water content by 2 to 5% during early corn emergence.
- Treatment
- No‐tillagee0
- Outcome
- soil water contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2 to 5%e0
- Qualifier
- during early corn emergencee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“No‐tillage (with and without red clover) increased soil water content by 2 to 5% and reduced soil temperatures by 1 to 2°C during early corn emergence.”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage reduced soil temperature by 1 to 2°C during early corn emergence.
- Treatment
- No‐tillagee0
- Outcome
- soil temperaturese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1 to 2°Ce0
- Qualifier
- during early corn emergencee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“No‐tillage (with and without red clover) increased soil water content by 2 to 5% and reduced soil temperatures by 1 to 2°C during early corn emergence.”
Claim · model-written summary
The no-tillage planting slot dried, opened the seed furrow and caused water stress in corn seedlings despite wetter spring soil.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- no‐tillage treatmentse0
- Outcome
- corn seedlings to become water stressede0
- Qualifier
- even though the notillage treatments were wetter in the springe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil drying occurred along the planting slot of the no‐tillage treatments, which enabled the soil seed furrow to open and the corn seedlings to become water stressed even though the notillage treatments were wetter in the spring.”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage without red clover delayed corn emergence by 3 to 4 days versus conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- no‐tillage treatment without red clovere0
- Outcome
- Corn emergencee0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- 3 to 4 de0
- Comparator
- conventional tillage treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn emergence in the no‐tillage treatment without red clover was delayed by 3 to 4 d and the final plant stand was reduced by 24% compared with the conventional tillage treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage without red clover reduced final corn stand by 24% versus conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- no‐tillage treatment without red clovere0
- Outcome
- final plant stande0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Comparator
- conventional tillage treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn emergence in the no‐tillage treatment without red clover was delayed by 3 to 4 d and the final plant stand was reduced by 24% compared with the conventional tillage treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage without red clover reduced corn grain yield by 13% versus conventional tillage over three years.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- no‐tillage treatment without red clovere0
- Outcome
- corn grain yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 13%e0
- Qualifier
- averaged over three yearse0
- Comparator
- conventional tillage treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The no‐tillage treatment without red clover had 13% lower corn grain yield than the conventional tillage treatment averaged over three years.”
Claim · model-written summary
Including red clover with no-tillage increased corn emergence.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- red clover was included with no‐tillagee0
- Outcome
- corn emergencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, when red clover was included with no‐tillage, corn emergence was increased and corn grain yields were not significantly different from conventional tillage in both 1994 and 1996.”
Claim · model-written summary
With red clover and no-tillage, corn grain yield was not significantly different from conventional tillage in 1994 and 1996.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- red clover was included with no‐tillagee0
- Outcome
- corn grain yieldse0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Qualifier
- in both 1994 and 1996e0
- Comparator
- conventional tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, when red clover was included with no‐tillage, corn emergence was increased and corn grain yields were not significantly different from conventional tillage in both 1994 and 1996.”
Claim · model-written summary
Including red clover in no-tillage reduced surface plant residue dry weight by 15%.
- Treatment
- red clover was includede0
- Outcome
- dry weight of surface plant residuee0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 15%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“There was also 15% less dry weight of surface plant residue present in the no‐tillage treatments when red clover was included.”
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