Abstract
Low light stress increases the chalkiness of rice; however, this effect has not been fully characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that low light resulted in markedly decreased activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in the grains and those of sucrose synthase and soluble starch synthase in the early period of grain filling. Furthermore, low light also resulted in decreased activities of granule-bound starch synthase and starch branching enzyme in the late period of grain filling. Therefore, the maximum and mean grain filling rates were reduced but the time to reach the maximum grain filling rates and effective grain filling period were increased by low light. Thus, it significantly decreased the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate and grain weight and retarded the endosperm growth and development, leading to a loose arrangement of the amyloplasts and an increase in the chalkiness of the rice grains. Compared to the grains at the top panicle part, low light led to a greater decrease in the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate and time to reach the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate at the bottom panicle part, which contributed to an increase in chalkiness by increasing the rates of different chalky types at the bottom panicle part. In conclusion, low light disturbed starch synthesis in grains, thereby impeding the grain filling progress and increasing chalkiness, particularly for grains at the bottom panicle part.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Low light decreased grain ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- low lighte0
- Gene
- ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylasee0
- Outcome
- activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylasee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low light resulted in markedly decreased activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in the grains”
t0“Rice”
t1“Low Light”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light decreased sucrose synthase and soluble starch synthase activity early in grain filling.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- early period of grain fillinge0
- Treatment
- Low Lightt1
- Outcome
- sucrose synthase and soluble starch synthasee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those of sucrose synthase and soluble starch synthase in the early period of grain filling”
t0“Rice”
t1“Low Light”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light decreased granule-bound starch synthase and starch branching enzyme activity late in grain filling.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- late period of grain fillinge0
- Treatment
- low lighte0
- Outcome
- activities of granule-bound starch synthase and starch branching enzymee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low light also resulted in decreased activities of granule-bound starch synthase and starch branching enzyme in the late period of grain filling”
t0“Rice”
t1“Low Light”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light reduced maximum and mean grain filling rates.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- low lighte0
- Outcome
- maximum and mean grain filling ratese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum and mean grain filling rates were reduced but the time to reach the maximum grain filling rates and effective grain filling period were increased by low light”
t0“Rice”
t1“Low Light”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light increased time to maximum grain filling rate and the effective grain filling period.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- low lighte0
- Outcome
- time to reach the maximum grain filling rates and effective grain filling periode0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the time to reach the maximum grain filling rates and effective grain filling period were increased by low light”
t0“Rice”
t1“Low Light”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light significantly decreased grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate and final grain weight.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Low Lightt1
- Outcome
- grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate and grain weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it significantly decreased the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate and grain weight”
t0“Rice”
t1“Low Light”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light retarded endosperm growth and development.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Low Lightt1
- Outcome
- endosperm growth and developmente0
- Direction
- retardede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“retarded the endosperm growth and development”
t0“Rice”
t1“Low Light”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light led to a loose arrangement of amyloplasts.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Low Lightt1
- Outcome
- loose arrangement of the amyloplastse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leading to a loose arrangement of the amyloplasts”
t0“Rice”
t1“Low Light”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light increased rice grain chalkiness.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Low Lightt1
- Outcome
- chalkiness of the rice grainse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in the chalkiness of the rice grains”
t0“Rice”
t1“Low Light”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light caused a greater decrease in grain weight at maximum filling rate at the bottom than the top of the panicle.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- bottom panicle parte0
- Treatment
- low lighte0
- Outcome
- grain weight at the maximum grain filling ratee0
- Direction
- greater decreasee0
- Comparator
- grains at the top panicle parte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the grains at the top panicle part, low light led to a greater decrease in the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate and time to reach the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate at the bottom panicle part”
t0“Rice”
t1“Low Light”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light caused a greater decrease in time to maximum grain weight at the bottom than top of the panicle.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- bottom panicle parte0
- Treatment
- low lighte0
- Outcome
- time to reach the grain weight at the maximum grain filling ratee0
- Direction
- greater decreasee0
- Comparator
- grains at the top panicle parte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the grains at the top panicle part, low light led to a greater decrease in the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate and time to reach the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate at the bottom panicle part”
t0“Rice”
t1“Low Light”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light increased rates of different chalky types at the bottom of the panicle.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- bottom panicle parte0
- Treatment
- Low Lightt1
- Outcome
- rates of different chalky typese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the rates of different chalky types at the bottom panicle part”
t0“Rice”
t1“Low Light”
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