Abstract
Silicon (Si) has an important function in reducing the damage of environmental stress on plants. Acid rain is a serious abiotic stress factor, and Si can alleviate the stress induced by acid rain on plants. Based on these assumptions, we investigated the effects of silicon on the growth, root phenotype, mineral element contents, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and antioxidative enzymes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling roots under simulated acid rain (SAR) stress. The results showed that the combined or single effects of Si and/or SAR on rice roots depend on the concentration of Si and the pH of the SAR. The combined or single effects of a low or moderate concentration of Si (1.0 or 2.0 mM) and light SAR (pH 4.0) enhanced the growth of rice roots, and the combined effects were stronger than those of the single treatment. A high concentration of Si (4.0 mM) or severe SAR (pH 2.0) exerted deleterious effects. The incorporation of Si (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR with pH 3.0 or 2.0 promoted the rice root growth, decreased the H2O2 content, increased the Si concentration and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, maintained the balance of mineral element (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu) concentrations in the roots of rice seedlings compared with SAR alone. The alleviatory effects observed with a moderate concentration of Si (2.0 mM) were better than the effects obtained with a low or high concentration of Si (1.0 or 4.0 mM). The observed effects were due to disruptions in the absorption and utilization of mineral nutrients and impacts on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in roots, and this conclusion suggests that the degree of rice root damage caused by acid rain might be attributed to not only acid rain but also the level of Si in the soil.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Low or moderate Si combined with light acid rain enhanced rice root growth, more strongly than the single treatment.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- low or moderate concentration of Si (1.0 or 2.0 mM) and light SAR (pH 4.0)e0
- Outcome
- growth of rice rootse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- the combined effects were strongere0
- Comparator
- single treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e0“The combined or single effects of a low or moderate concentration of Si (1.0 or 2.0 mM) and light SAR (pH 4.0) enhanced the growth of rice roots, and the combined effects were stronger than those of the single treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
A high concentration of Si (4.0 mM) or severe acid rain (pH 2.0) exerted deleterious effects on rice roots.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- high concentration of Si (4.0 mM) or severe SAR (pH 2.0)e1
- Outcome
- deleterious effectse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e1“A high concentration of Si (4.0 mM) or severe SAR (pH 2.0) exerted deleterious effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Si incorporation into simulated acid rain promoted rice root growth compared with SAR alone.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roots of rice seedlingse2
- Treatment
- incorporation of Si (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR with pH 3.0 or 2.0e2
- Outcome
- rice root growthe2
- Direction
- promotede2
- Comparator
- SAR alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e2“The incorporation of Si (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR with pH 3.0 or 2.0 promoted the rice root growth, decreased the H2O2 content, increased the Si concentration and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, maintained the balance of mineral element (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu) concentrations in the roots of rice seedlings compared with SAR alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Si incorporation into simulated acid rain decreased root H2O2 content compared with SAR alone.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roots of rice seedlingse2
- Treatment
- incorporation of Si (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR with pH 3.0 or 2.0e2
- Outcome
- H2O2 contente2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- SAR alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e2“The incorporation of Si (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR with pH 3.0 or 2.0 promoted the rice root growth, decreased the H2O2 content, increased the Si concentration and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, maintained the balance of mineral element (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu) concentrations in the roots of rice seedlings compared with SAR alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Si incorporation into simulated acid rain increased Si concentration in roots compared with SAR alone.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roots of rice seedlingse2
- Treatment
- incorporation of Si (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR with pH 3.0 or 2.0e2
- Outcome
- Si concentratione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- SAR alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e2“The incorporation of Si (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR with pH 3.0 or 2.0 promoted the rice root growth, decreased the H2O2 content, increased the Si concentration and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, maintained the balance of mineral element (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu) concentrations in the roots of rice seedlings compared with SAR alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Si incorporation into simulated acid rain increased root SOD, CAT and POD activities compared with SAR alone.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roots of rice seedlingse2
- Treatment
- incorporation of Si (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR with pH 3.0 or 2.0e2
- Outcome
- the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD)e2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- SAR alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e2“The incorporation of Si (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR with pH 3.0 or 2.0 promoted the rice root growth, decreased the H2O2 content, increased the Si concentration and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, maintained the balance of mineral element (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu) concentrations in the roots of rice seedlings compared with SAR alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Si incorporation into simulated acid rain increased root ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity compared with SAR alone.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roots of rice seedlingse2
- Treatment
- incorporation of Si (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR with pH 3.0 or 2.0e2
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activitiese2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- SAR alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e2“The incorporation of Si (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR with pH 3.0 or 2.0 promoted the rice root growth, decreased the H2O2 content, increased the Si concentration and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, maintained the balance of mineral element (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu) concentrations in the roots of rice seedlings compared with SAR alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Si incorporation into simulated acid rain maintained the balance of root mineral element concentrations compared with SAR alone.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roots of rice seedlingse2
- Treatment
- incorporation of Si (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR with pH 3.0 or 2.0e2
- Outcome
- balance of mineral element (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu) concentrationse2
- Direction
- maintainede2
- Comparator
- SAR alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e2“The incorporation of Si (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR with pH 3.0 or 2.0 promoted the rice root growth, decreased the H2O2 content, increased the Si concentration and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, maintained the balance of mineral element (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu) concentrations in the roots of rice seedlings compared with SAR alone”
Claim · model-written summary
A moderate Si concentration (2.0 mM) alleviated acid rain effects better than low or high Si concentrations.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- moderate concentration of Si (2.0 mM)e6
- Outcome
- alleviatory effectse6
- Direction
- bettere6
- Comparator
- low or high concentration of Si (1.0 or 4.0 mM)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e6“The alleviatory effects observed with a moderate concentration of Si (2.0 mM) were better than the effects obtained with a low or high concentration of Si (1.0 or 4.0 mM)”
Claim · model-written summary
The observed effects were due to disruptions in the absorption and utilization of mineral nutrients.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Outcome
- observed effectse7
- Qualifier
- disruptions in the absorption and utilization of mineral nutrientse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e7“The observed effects were due to disruptions in the absorption and utilization of mineral nutrients and impacts on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice root damage under acid rain might be attributed to the soil Si level as well as to acid rain.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Outcome
- degree of rice root damagee7
- Qualifier
- the level of Si in the soile7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L.”
e7“the degree of rice root damage caused by acid rain might be attributed to not only acid rain but also the level of Si in the soil”
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See all 5 papers →8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.