Abstract
ABSTRACT Plant stomata close rapidly in response to a rise in the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) or salicylic acid (SA) and after recognition of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Stomatal closure is the result of vacuolar convolution, ion efflux, and changes in turgor pressure in guard cells. Phytopathogenic bacteria secrete type III effectors (T3Es) that interfere with plant defense mechanisms, causing severe plant disease symptoms. Here, we show that the virulence and infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola ( Xoc ), which is the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak disease, drastically increased in transgenic rice ( Oryza sativa L.) plants overexpressing the Xoc T3E gene XopAP , which encodes a protein annotated as a lipase. We discovered that XopAP binds to phosphatidylinositol 3,5‐bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P 2 ), a membrane phospholipid that functions in pH control in lysosomes, membrane dynamics, and protein trafficking. XopAP inhibited the acidification of vacuoles by competing with vacuolar H + ‐pyrophosphatase (V‐PPase) for binding to PtdIns(3,5)P 2 , leading to stomatal opening. Transgenic rice overexpressing XopAP also showed inhibition of stomatal closure when challenged by Xoc infection and treatment with the PAMP flg22. Moreover, XopAP suppressed flg22‐induced gene expression, reactive oxygen species burst and callose deposition in host plants, demonstrating that XopAP subverts PAMP‐triggered immunity during Xoc infection. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that XopAP overcomes stomatal immunity in plants by binding to lipids.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpressing XopAP in transgenic rice drastically increased virulence and infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.
Oryza sativae1 - Material
- transgenic ricee1
- Treatment
- overexpressing the Xoc T3E gene XopAPe1
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicolaXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicolae1pathogen
- Gene
- XopAPe1
- Outcome
- virulence and infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicolae1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- drasticallye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the virulence and infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola ( Xoc ), which is the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak disease, drastically increased in transgenic rice ( Oryza sativa L.) plants overexpressing the Xoc T3E gene XopAP”
Claim · model-written summary
XopAP inhibited vacuolar acidification in rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- XopAPe2
- Gene
- XopAPe2
- Outcome
- acidification of vacuolese2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the virulence and infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola ( Xoc ), which is the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak disease, drastically increased in transgenic rice ( Oryza sativa L.) plants overexpressing the Xoc T3E gene XopAP”
e2“XopAP inhibited the acidification of vacuoles”
Claim · model-written summary
XopAP competes with vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase for binding to PtdIns(3,5)P2, which leads to stomatal opening.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Gene
- XopAPe2
- Compound
- PtdIns(3,5)P 2e3
- Outcome
- stomatal openinge3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the virulence and infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola ( Xoc ), which is the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak disease, drastically increased in transgenic rice ( Oryza sativa L.) plants overexpressing the Xoc T3E gene XopAP”
e2“XopAP inhibited the acidification of vacuoles”
e3“competing with vacuolar H + ‐pyrophosphatase (V‐PPase) for binding to PtdIns(3,5)P 2 , leading to stomatal opening”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic rice overexpressing XopAP showed inhibited stomatal closure when challenged with Xoc infection and the PAMP flg22.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Material
- Transgenic ricee4
- Treatment
- treatment with the PAMP flg22e4
- Interactor
- Xoce4pathogen
- Outcome
- stomatal closuree4
- Direction
- inhibitione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the virulence and infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola ( Xoc ), which is the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak disease, drastically increased in transgenic rice ( Oryza sativa L.) plants overexpressing the Xoc T3E gene XopAP”
e4“Transgenic rice overexpressing XopAP also showed inhibition of stomatal closure when challenged by Xoc infection and treatment with the PAMP flg22”
Claim · model-written summary
XopAP suppressed flg22-induced gene expression, reactive oxygen species burst and callose deposition in rice plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- flg22e5
- Gene
- XopAPe5
- Outcome
- gene expression, reactive oxygen species burst and callose depositione5
- Direction
- suppressede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the virulence and infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola ( Xoc ), which is the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak disease, drastically increased in transgenic rice ( Oryza sativa L.) plants overexpressing the Xoc T3E gene XopAP”
e5“XopAP suppressed flg22‐induced gene expression, reactive oxygen species burst and callose deposition in host plants”
Claim · model-written summary
XopAP binds to phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2).
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativae1
- Gene
- XopAPe6
- Compound
- PtdIns(3,5)P 2e6
- Outcome
- binds to phosphatidylinositol 3,5‐bisphosphatee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the virulence and infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola ( Xoc ), which is the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak disease, drastically increased in transgenic rice ( Oryza sativa L.) plants overexpressing the Xoc T3E gene XopAP”
e6“We discovered that XopAP binds to phosphatidylinositol 3,5‐bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P 2 )”
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