Abstract
Climate change is a dramatic crisis that has left severe impacts on the agricultural sector and especially on viticulture. Phenological sets over 41 years and annual climatic anomalies ’data over the same years’ intervals were procured. An earliness in Al Ahsa region, the first signs of climate change were detected starting 1997, where annual precipitable water and temperature anomalies were the most important climate influencers all phenological events occurred for the varieties White and Red, from the beginning of budburst until harvest. Moreover, the yield of both varieties was slightly reduced between 1997 and 2019 in comparison with the interval of years 1979-1996. Beginning of budburst, budburst, 2-3 leaves unfolded and visible inflorescence were positively correlated with the annual wind speed anomaly. Beginning of flowering, full flowering, beginning of fruit set, full veraison, and harvest were positively with the annual total cloud cover anomaly and annual total precipitation anomaly. In addition, the full fruit set and beginning of veraison were positively correlated with annual wind speed anomaly, and negatively correlated with annual precipitable water anomaly. Yield was positively correlated with annual total precipitation anomaly and annual total cloud cover anomaly. Results suggest the adoption of a drip irrigation system in Al Ahsa vineyards that would overcome the low water availability in hot summers and reduce soil salinity, one of the biggest issues facing Gulf countries.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
An earliness of grapevine phenology was observed in the Al Ahsa region.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINES PHENOLOGICAL STAGES”
e1“An earliness in Al Ahsa region”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield of the White variety was slightly reduced between 1997-2019 compared with 1979-1996.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINES PHENOLOGICAL STAGES”
e2“the yield of both varieties was slightly reduced between 1997 and 2019 in comparison with the interval of years 1979-1996”
e3“for the varieties White and Red”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield of the Red variety was slightly reduced between 1997-2019 compared with 1979-1996.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINES PHENOLOGICAL STAGES”
e2“the yield of both varieties was slightly reduced between 1997 and 2019 in comparison with the interval of years 1979-1996”
e3“for the varieties White and Red”
Claim · model-written summary
Beginning of budburst, budburst and 2-3 leaves unfolded were positively correlated with annual wind speed anomaly.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINES PHENOLOGICAL STAGES”
e3“Beginning of budburst, budburst, 2-3 leaves unfolded and visible inflorescence were positively correlated with the annual wind speed anomaly”
Claim · model-written summary
Visible inflorescence was positively correlated with annual wind speed anomaly.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINES PHENOLOGICAL STAGES”
e3“Beginning of budburst, budburst, 2-3 leaves unfolded and visible inflorescence were positively correlated with the annual wind speed anomaly”
Claim · model-written summary
Beginning of flowering, full flowering and beginning of fruit set were positively associated with annual cloud cover and precipitation anomalies.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINES PHENOLOGICAL STAGES”
e5“Beginning of flowering, full flowering, beginning of fruit set, full veraison, and harvest were positively with the annual total cloud cover anomaly and annual total precipitation anomaly”
Claim · model-written summary
Full veraison and harvest were positively associated with annual cloud cover and precipitation anomalies.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINES PHENOLOGICAL STAGES”
e5“Beginning of flowering, full flowering, beginning of fruit set, full veraison, and harvest were positively with the annual total cloud cover anomaly and annual total precipitation anomaly”
Claim · model-written summary
Full fruit set and beginning of veraison were positively correlated with annual wind speed anomaly.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINES PHENOLOGICAL STAGES”
e6“In addition, the full fruit set and beginning of veraison were positively correlated with annual wind speed anomaly, and negatively correlated with annual precipitable water anomaly”
Claim · model-written summary
Full fruit set and beginning of veraison were negatively correlated with annual precipitable water anomaly.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINES PHENOLOGICAL STAGES”
e6“In addition, the full fruit set and beginning of veraison were positively correlated with annual wind speed anomaly, and negatively correlated with annual precipitable water anomaly”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was positively correlated with annual total precipitation and total cloud cover anomalies.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINES PHENOLOGICAL STAGES”
e7“Yield was positively correlated with annual total precipitation anomaly and annual total cloud cover anomaly”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest adopting a drip irrigation system in Al Ahsa vineyards.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINES PHENOLOGICAL STAGES”
e2“Results suggest the adoption of a drip irrigation system in Al Ahsa vineyards that would overcome the low water availability in hot summers and reduce soil salinity”