Abstract
Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea L.) is an essential oilseed crop that offers important nutrients to human beings. However, the concurrent micronutrient deficiencies including boron (B), sulfur (S), and nitrogen (N) could pose a significant threat to public health. Therefore, this study was conducted at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, with nine treatments, i.e., T 1 -Control (recommended NPK only), T 2 - borax (0.5%) at flowering, T 3 -borax (1.0%) at flowering,T 4 - borax (0.5%) + urea (1.0%) at flowering,T 5 -borax (1.0%) + urea (1.0%) at flowering, T 6 -borax (0.5%) at flowering + capsule formation, T 7 -borax (1.0%) at flowering + capsule formation, T 8 -borax (0.5%) + urea (1.0%) at flowering + capsule formation, T 9 -borax (1.0%) + urea (1.0%) at flowering + Capsule formation, replicated three times in a randomized block design for 2 years (2020–2021 and 2021–2022). The foliar application of borax (1.0%) + urea (1.0%) at the flowering and capsule formation stage (treatment T 9 ) was highly efficient in increasing food quality parameters such as crude fiber, total soluble solids (TSS), and protein content with maximum values of 3.77, 24.9, and 27.53%, respectively. Also, maximum yields of seed as well as stover for treatment T 9 were 1.376 and 6.625 kg ha −1 , respectively. Similarly, the results for B, S, and N concentrations in seed (27.71 mg kg −1 , 17.69 mg kg −1 , and 2.35%), as well as stover (25.92 mg kg −1 , 17.31 mg kg −1 , and 0.33%), were maximum in treatment T 9 . Also, B, S, and N uptake by seed (38.18 g ha −1 , 24.40 g ha −1 , and 32.05 Kg ha −1 ) and stover (172.55 g ha −1 , 115.44 g ha −1 , and 21.99 Kg ha −1 ) were maximum for the treatment T 9 involving borax (1.0%) + urea (1.0%) at the flowering and capsule formation stage. Whereas, the concentration and uptake decreased in the treatments involving the sole application of borax and urea. Therefore, the application of borax (1.0%) and urea (1.0%) at the flowering and capsule formation stage significantly improved the quality parameters, seed and stover yield, nutrient concentration, and uptake over control and could be used to alleviate the B, S, and N deficiency in Indian mustard.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized crude fiber at 3.77.
- Taxon
- Indian mustard
Brassica junceat0 - Treatment
- borax (1.0%) + urea (1.0%)e0
- Outcome
- crude fibere0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 3.77e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“borax (1.0%) + urea (1.0%) at the flowering and capsule formation stage (treatment T 9 ) was highly efficient in increasing food quality parameters such as crude fiber, total soluble solids (TSS), and protein content with maximum values of 3.77, 24.9, and 27.53%, respectively”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized total soluble solids at 24.9.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e1
- Outcome
- total soluble solids (TSS)e0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 24.9e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing food quality parameters such as crude fiber, total soluble solids (TSS), and protein content with maximum values of 3.77, 24.9, and 27.53%, respectively”
t0“Indian mustard”
e1“stage (treatment T 9 ) was highly efficient”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized protein content at 27.53%.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e1
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 27.53%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein content with maximum values of 3.77, 24.9, and 27.53%, respectively”
t0“Indian mustard”
e1“stage (treatment T 9 ) was highly efficient”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 produced maximum seed yield of 1.376 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e0
- Outcome
- yields of seede0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 1.376e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum yields of seed as well as stover for treatment T 9 were 1.376 and 6.625 kg ha −1 , respectively”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 produced maximum stover yield of 6.625 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e0
- Outcome
- stovere0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 6.625 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum yields of seed as well as stover for treatment T 9 were 1.376 and 6.625 kg ha −1 , respectively”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized seed B concentration at 27.71 mg kg −1.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e0
- Outcome
- B, S, and N concentrations in seede0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 27.71 mg kg −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B, S, and N concentrations in seed (27.71 mg kg −1 , 17.69 mg kg −1 , and 2.35%), as well as stover (25.92 mg kg −1 , 17.31 mg kg −1 , and 0.33%), were maximum in treatment T 9”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized seed S concentration at 17.69 mg kg −1.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e0
- Outcome
- B, S, and N concentrations in seede0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 17.69 mg kg −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B, S, and N concentrations in seed (27.71 mg kg −1 , 17.69 mg kg −1 , and 2.35%), as well as stover (25.92 mg kg −1 , 17.31 mg kg −1 , and 0.33%), were maximum in treatment T 9”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized seed N concentration at 2.35%.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e0
- Outcome
- B, S, and N concentrations in seede0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 2.35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B, S, and N concentrations in seed (27.71 mg kg −1 , 17.69 mg kg −1 , and 2.35%), as well as stover (25.92 mg kg −1 , 17.31 mg kg −1 , and 0.33%), were maximum in treatment T 9”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized stover B concentration at 25.92 mg kg −1.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e0
- Outcome
- stovere0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 25.92 mg kg −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stover (25.92 mg kg −1 , 17.31 mg kg −1 , and 0.33%), were maximum in treatment T 9”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized stover S concentration at 17.31 mg kg −1.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e0
- Outcome
- stovere0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 17.31 mg kg −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stover (25.92 mg kg −1 , 17.31 mg kg −1 , and 0.33%), were maximum in treatment T 9”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized stover N concentration at 0.33%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stover (25.92 mg kg −1 , 17.31 mg kg −1 , and 0.33%), were maximum in treatment T 9”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized seed B uptake at 38.18 g ha −1.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e0
- Outcome
- uptake by seede0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 38.18 g ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B, S, and N uptake by seed (38.18 g ha −1 , 24.40 g ha −1 , and 32.05 Kg ha −1 ) and stover (172.55 g ha −1 , 115.44 g ha −1 , and 21.99 Kg ha −1 ) were maximum for the treatment T 9”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized seed S uptake at 24.40 g ha −1.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e0
- Outcome
- uptake by seede0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 24.40 g ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B, S, and N uptake by seed (38.18 g ha −1 , 24.40 g ha −1 , and 32.05 Kg ha −1 ) and stover (172.55 g ha −1 , 115.44 g ha −1 , and 21.99 Kg ha −1 ) were maximum for the treatment T 9”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized seed N uptake at 32.05 Kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e0
- Outcome
- uptake by seede0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 32.05 Kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B, S, and N uptake by seed (38.18 g ha −1 , 24.40 g ha −1 , and 32.05 Kg ha −1 ) and stover (172.55 g ha −1 , 115.44 g ha −1 , and 21.99 Kg ha −1 ) were maximum for the treatment T 9”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized stover B uptake at 172.55 g ha −1.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e0
- Outcome
- stovere0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 172.55 g ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stover (172.55 g ha −1 , 115.44 g ha −1 , and 21.99 Kg ha −1 ) were maximum for the treatment T 9”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized stover S uptake at 115.44 g ha −1.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e0
- Outcome
- stovere0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 115.44 g ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stover (172.55 g ha −1 , 115.44 g ha −1 , and 21.99 Kg ha −1 ) were maximum for the treatment T 9”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
T9 maximized stover N uptake at 21.99 Kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- T 9e0
- Outcome
- stovere0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 21.99 Kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stover (172.55 g ha −1 , 115.44 g ha −1 , and 21.99 Kg ha −1 ) were maximum for the treatment T 9”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole borax and urea treatments decreased nutrient concentration and uptake.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- sole application of borax and ureae0
- Outcome
- concentration and uptakee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentration and uptake decreased in the treatments involving the sole application of borax and urea”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined foliar borax and urea significantly improved quality, yield, nutrient concentration, and uptake over control.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- borax (1.0%) and urea (1.0%)e0
- Outcome
- quality parameters, seed and stover yield, nutrient concentration, and uptakee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of borax (1.0%) and urea (1.0%) at the flowering and capsule formation stage significantly improved the quality parameters, seed and stover yield, nutrient concentration, and uptake over control”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest combined borax and urea to alleviate B, S, and N deficiency in mustard.
- Taxon
- Indian mustardBrassica junceae0
- Outcome
- alleviate the B, S, and N deficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“could be used to alleviate the B, S, and N deficiency in Indian mustard”
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.