Abstract
Sustainable agriculture is increasingly being put in danger by environmental contamination with dangerous heavy metals (HMs), especially lead (Pb). Plants have developed a sophisticated mechanism for nitric oxide (NO) production and signaling to regulate hazardous effects of abiotic factors, including HMs. In the current study, we investigated the role of exogenously applied sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a nitric oxide (NO) donor) in ameliorating the toxic effects of lead (Pb) on rice. For this purpose, plants were subjected to 1.2 mM Pb alone and in combination with 100 µM SNP. We found that under 1.2 mM Pb stress conditions, the accumulation of oxidative stress markers, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (37%), superoxide anion (O2−) (28%), malondialdehyde (MDA) (33%), and electrolyte leakage (EL) (34%), was significantly reduced via the application of 100 µM SNP. On the other hand, under the said stress of Pb, the activity of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (60%), peroxidase (POD) (28%), catalase (CAT) (26%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (42%), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (58%) was significantly increased via the application of 100 µM SNP. In addition, the application of 100 µM SNP rescued agronomic traits such as plant height (24%), number of tillers per plant (40%), and visible green pigments (44%) when the plants were exposed to 1.2 mM Pb stress. Furthermore, after exposure to 1.2 mM Pb stress, the expression of the heavy-metal stress-related genes OsPCS1 (44%), OsPCS2 (74%), OsMTP1 (83%), OsMTP5 (53%), OsMT-I-1a (31%), and OsMT-I-1b (24%) was significantly enhanced via the application of 100 µM SNP. Overall, our research evaluates that exogenously applied 100 mM SNP protects rice plants from the oxidative damage brought on by 1.2 mM Pb stress by lowering oxidative stress markers, enhancing the antioxidant system and the transcript accumulation of HMs stress-related genes.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1.2 mM Pb stress, 100 µM SNP reduced hydrogen peroxide accumulation in rice by 37%.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 37%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“under 1.2 mM Pb stress conditions, the accumulation of oxidative stress markers, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (37%), superoxide anion (O2−) (28%), malondialdehyde (MDA) (33%), and electrolyte leakage (EL) (34%), was significantly reduced via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1.2 mM Pb stress, 100 µM SNP reduced superoxide anion accumulation in rice by 28%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Outcome
- superoxide anion (O2−)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“under 1.2 mM Pb stress conditions, the accumulation of oxidative stress markers, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (37%), superoxide anion (O2−) (28%), malondialdehyde (MDA) (33%), and electrolyte leakage (EL) (34%), was significantly reduced via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1.2 mM Pb stress, 100 µM SNP reduced malondialdehyde accumulation in rice by 33%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 33%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“under 1.2 mM Pb stress conditions, the accumulation of oxidative stress markers, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (37%), superoxide anion (O2−) (28%), malondialdehyde (MDA) (33%), and electrolyte leakage (EL) (34%), was significantly reduced via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1.2 mM Pb stress, 100 µM SNP reduced electrolyte leakage in rice by 34%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage (EL)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“under 1.2 mM Pb stress conditions, the accumulation of oxidative stress markers, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (37%), superoxide anion (O2−) (28%), malondialdehyde (MDA) (33%), and electrolyte leakage (EL) (34%), was significantly reduced via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Pb stress, 100 µM SNP increased polyphenol oxidase activity in rice by 60%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidase (PPO)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“under the said stress of Pb, the activity of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (60%), peroxidase (POD) (28%), catalase (CAT) (26%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (42%), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (58%) was significantly increased via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Pb stress, 100 µM SNP increased peroxidase activity in rice by 28%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“under the said stress of Pb, the activity of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (60%), peroxidase (POD) (28%), catalase (CAT) (26%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (42%), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (58%) was significantly increased via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Pb stress, 100 µM SNP increased catalase activity in rice by 26%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“under the said stress of Pb, the activity of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (60%), peroxidase (POD) (28%), catalase (CAT) (26%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (42%), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (58%) was significantly increased via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Pb stress, 100 µM SNP increased superoxide dismutase activity in rice by 42%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“under the said stress of Pb, the activity of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (60%), peroxidase (POD) (28%), catalase (CAT) (26%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (42%), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (58%) was significantly increased via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Pb stress, 100 µM SNP increased ascorbate peroxidase activity in rice by 58%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 58%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“under the said stress of Pb, the activity of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (60%), peroxidase (POD) (28%), catalase (CAT) (26%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (42%), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (58%) was significantly increased via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1.2 mM Pb stress, 100 µM SNP rescued rice plant height by 24%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- rescuede0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“the application of 100 µM SNP rescued agronomic traits such as plant height (24%), number of tillers per plant (40%), and visible green pigments (44%) when the plants were exposed to 1.2 mM Pb stress”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1.2 mM Pb stress, 100 µM SNP rescued number of tillers per rice plant by 40%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Outcome
- number of tillers per plante0
- Direction
- rescuede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“the application of 100 µM SNP rescued agronomic traits such as plant height (24%), number of tillers per plant (40%), and visible green pigments (44%) when the plants were exposed to 1.2 mM Pb stress”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1.2 mM Pb stress, 100 µM SNP rescued visible green pigments in rice by 44%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Outcome
- visible green pigmentse0
- Direction
- rescuede0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“the application of 100 µM SNP rescued agronomic traits such as plant height (24%), number of tillers per plant (40%), and visible green pigments (44%) when the plants were exposed to 1.2 mM Pb stress”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1.2 mM Pb stress, 100 µM SNP enhanced expression of OsPCS1 in rice by 44%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Gene
- OsPCS1e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“after exposure to 1.2 mM Pb stress, the expression of the heavy-metal stress-related genes OsPCS1 (44%), OsPCS2 (74%), OsMTP1 (83%), OsMTP5 (53%), OsMT-I-1a (31%), and OsMT-I-1b (24%) was significantly enhanced via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1.2 mM Pb stress, 100 µM SNP enhanced expression of OsPCS2 in rice by 74%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Gene
- OsPCS2e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 74%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“after exposure to 1.2 mM Pb stress, the expression of the heavy-metal stress-related genes OsPCS1 (44%), OsPCS2 (74%), OsMTP1 (83%), OsMTP5 (53%), OsMT-I-1a (31%), and OsMT-I-1b (24%) was significantly enhanced via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1.2 mM Pb stress, 100 µM SNP enhanced expression of OsMTP1 in rice by 83%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Gene
- OsMTP1e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 83%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“after exposure to 1.2 mM Pb stress, the expression of the heavy-metal stress-related genes OsPCS1 (44%), OsPCS2 (74%), OsMTP1 (83%), OsMTP5 (53%), OsMT-I-1a (31%), and OsMT-I-1b (24%) was significantly enhanced via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1.2 mM Pb stress, 100 µM SNP enhanced expression of OsMTP5 in rice by 53%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Gene
- OsMTP5e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 53%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“after exposure to 1.2 mM Pb stress, the expression of the heavy-metal stress-related genes OsPCS1 (44%), OsPCS2 (74%), OsMTP1 (83%), OsMTP5 (53%), OsMT-I-1a (31%), and OsMT-I-1b (24%) was significantly enhanced via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1.2 mM Pb stress, 100 µM SNP enhanced expression of OsMT-I-1a in rice by 31%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Gene
- OsMT-I-1ae0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“after exposure to 1.2 mM Pb stress, the expression of the heavy-metal stress-related genes OsPCS1 (44%), OsPCS2 (74%), OsMTP1 (83%), OsMTP5 (53%), OsMT-I-1a (31%), and OsMT-I-1b (24%) was significantly enhanced via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 1.2 mM Pb stress, 100 µM SNP enhanced expression of OsMT-I-1b in rice by 24%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 µM SNPe0
- Gene
- OsMT-I-1be0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Comparator
- Pb alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“after exposure to 1.2 mM Pb stress, the expression of the heavy-metal stress-related genes OsPCS1 (44%), OsPCS2 (74%), OsMTP1 (83%), OsMTP5 (53%), OsMT-I-1a (31%), and OsMT-I-1b (24%) was significantly enhanced via the application of 100 µM SNP”
e1“1.2 mM Pb alone”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that exogenous SNP protects rice plants from Pb-induced oxidative damage by lowering oxidative stress markers and enhancing the antioxidant system and transcript accumulation of heavy-metal stress-related genes.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 100 mM SNPe0
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
- Qualifier
- lowering oxidative stress markers, enhancing the antioxidant systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenously applied 100 mM SNP protects rice plants from the oxidative damage brought on by 1.2 mM Pb stress by lowering oxidative stress markers, enhancing the antioxidant system and the transcript accumulation of HMs stress-related genes”
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