Abstract
Three plant-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PPC1 to PPC3) and two phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PPCKs: PPCK1 and 2) genes are present in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. In seeds, all PPC genes were found to be expressed. Examination of individual ppc mutants showed little reduction of PEPC protein and global activity, with the notable exception of PPC2 which represent the most abundant PEPC in dry seeds. Ppc mutants exhibited moderately lower seed parameters (weight, area, yield, germination kinetics) than wild type. In contrast, ppck1-had much altered (decreased) yield. At the molecular level, ppc3-was found to be significantly deficient in global seed nitrogen (nitrate, amino-acids, and soluble protein pools). Also, N-deficiency was much more marked in ppck1-, which exhibited a tremendous loss of 95% and 90% in nitrate and proteins, respectively. The line ppck2-had accumulated amino-acids but lower levels of soluble proteins. Regarding carboxylic acid pools, Krebs cycle intermediates were found to be diminished in all mutants; this was accompanied by a consistent decrease in ATP. Lipids were stable in ppc mutants, however ppck1-seeds accumulated more lipids while ppck2-seeds showed high level of polyunsaturated fatty acid oleic and linolenic (omega 3). Altogether, the results indicate that the complete PEPC and PPCK family are needed for normal C/N metabolism ratio, growth, development, yield and quality of the seed.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
All PPC genes were expressed in seeds.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Gene
- PPC genese0
- Outcome
- expressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In seeds, all PPC genes were found to be expressed”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual ppc mutants showed little reduction in PEPC protein and global activity, except PPC2.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- individual ppc mutantse0
- Treatment
- ppc mutantse0
- Gene
- PEPCe0
- Outcome
- PEPC protein and global activitye0
- Direction
- little reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Examination of individual ppc mutants showed little reduction of PEPC protein and global activity, with the notable exception of PPC2”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
PPC2 was the most abundant PEPC in dry seeds.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Organ / stage
- dry seedse0
- Gene
- PPC2e0
- Outcome
- most abundant PEPCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PPC2 which represent the most abundant PEPC in dry seeds”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Ppc mutants had moderately lower seed weight, area, yield and germination kinetics than wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- Ppc mutantse0
- Treatment
- Ppc mutantse0
- Outcome
- seed parameters (weight, area, yield, germination kinetics)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ppc mutants exhibited moderately lower seed parameters (weight, area, yield, germination kinetics) than wild type”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ppck1 had decreased seed yield.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ppck1-e0
- Treatment
- ppck1-e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ppck1-had much altered (decreased) yield”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ppc3 was significantly deficient in seed nitrogen pools.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ppc3-e0
- Treatment
- ppc3-e0
- Outcome
- global seed nitrogen (nitrate, amino-acids, and soluble protein pools)e0
- Direction
- deficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ppc3-was found to be significantly deficient in global seed nitrogen (nitrate, amino-acids, and soluble protein pools)”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ppck1 lost 95% of seed nitrate.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ppck1-e0
- Treatment
- ppck1-e0
- Outcome
- nitratee0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 95%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N-deficiency was much more marked in ppck1-, which exhibited a tremendous loss of 95% and 90% in nitrate and proteins, respectively”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ppck1 lost 90% of seed proteins.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ppck1-e0
- Treatment
- ppck1-e0
- Outcome
- proteinse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N-deficiency was much more marked in ppck1-, which exhibited a tremendous loss of 95% and 90% in nitrate and proteins, respectively”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ppck2 accumulated amino acids.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ppck2-e0
- Outcome
- amino-acidse0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The line ppck2-had accumulated amino-acids but lower levels of soluble proteins”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ppck2 had lower soluble protein levels.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ppck2-e0
- Outcome
- soluble proteinse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The line ppck2-had accumulated amino-acids but lower levels of soluble proteins”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Krebs cycle intermediates were diminished in all mutants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- all mutantse0
- Outcome
- Krebs cycle intermediatese0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Krebs cycle intermediates were found to be diminished in all mutants”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ATP decreased in all mutants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- ATPe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this was accompanied by a consistent decrease in ATP”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipids remained stable in ppc mutants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ppc mutantse0
- Outcome
- Lipidse0
- Direction
- stablee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lipids were stable in ppc mutants”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ppck1 seeds accumulated more lipids.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ppck1-e0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- lipidse0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ppck1-seeds accumulated more lipids”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ppck2 seeds had high oleic and linolenic fatty acid levels.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ppck2-e0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- polyunsaturated fatty acid oleic and linolenic (omega 3)e0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ppck2-seeds showed high level of polyunsaturated fatty acid oleic and linolenic (omega 3)”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”