Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is a short-day (SD) plant native to the temperate zone. SD and warm conditions suitable for flowering occur in both spring and autumn. When chrysanthemum plants are exposed to prolonged low temperatures, they are unable to induce flowering for a time afterwards. Therefore, chrysanthemums do not flower in spring, because they are in a state of internal suppression of flowering due to low temperatures in winter (i.e., ’cold memory’). To elucidate the mechanism of the floral suppression by cold memory, we analysed the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T-like 3 (CsFTL3), which encodes a floral promoter in the wild C. seticuspe. SD induced CsFTL3 upregulation and flowering in untreated plants, but this induction was suppressed in plants with 12-weeks’ cold treatment. Cold memory had little effect on flowering in CsFTL3-overexpressing plants. These results indicate that cold memory suppresses flowering by repressing CsFTL3. This prevents floral induction under SD in spring, and is one of the factors that determines the autumn-flowering nature of chrysanthemum.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged cold exposure suppressed later flowering in chrysanthemum.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemum
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Chrysanthemume0 - Treatment
- prolonged low temperaturese0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- unable to inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“When chrysanthemum plants are exposed to prolonged low temperatures, they are unable to induce flowering for a time afterwards.”
Claim · model-written summary
Short days induced CsFTL3 upregulation in untreated plants.
- Taxon
- C. seticuspe
Chrysanthemum seticuspee1 - Treatment
- SDe0
- Gene
- CsFTL3e0
- Outcome
- CsFTL3 upregulatione0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SD induced CsFTL3 upregulation and flowering in untreated plants, but this induction was suppressed in plants with 12-weeks’ cold treatment.”
e1“in the wild C. seticuspe”
Claim · model-written summary
Short days induced flowering in untreated plants.
- Taxon
- C. seticuspeChrysanthemum seticuspee1
- Treatment
- SDe0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SD induced CsFTL3 upregulation and flowering in untreated plants, but this induction was suppressed in plants with 12-weeks’ cold treatment.”
e1“in the wild C. seticuspe”
Claim · model-written summary
Twelve weeks of cold suppressed short-day CsFTL3 induction.
- Taxon
- C. seticuspeChrysanthemum seticuspee1
- Treatment
- 12-weeks’ cold treatmente0
- Gene
- CsFTL3e0
- Outcome
- CsFTL3 upregulatione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SD induced CsFTL3 upregulation and flowering in untreated plants, but this induction was suppressed in plants with 12-weeks’ cold treatment.”
e1“in the wild C. seticuspe”
Claim · model-written summary
Twelve weeks of cold suppressed short-day flowering induction.
- Taxon
- C. seticuspeChrysanthemum seticuspee1
- Treatment
- 12-weeks’ cold treatmente0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SD induced CsFTL3 upregulation and flowering in untreated plants, but this induction was suppressed in plants with 12-weeks’ cold treatment.”
e1“in the wild C. seticuspe”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold memory had little effect on flowering in CsFTL3-overexpressing plants.
- Taxon
- C. seticuspeChrysanthemum seticuspee1
- Material
- CsFTL3-overexpressing plantse0
- Treatment
- Cold memorye0
- Gene
- CsFTL3e0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cold memory had little effect on flowering in CsFTL3-overexpressing plants.”
e1“in the wild C. seticuspe”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that cold memory suppresses flowering by repressing CsFTL3.
- Taxon
- C. seticuspeChrysanthemum seticuspee1
- Gene
- CsFTL3e0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- suppressese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cold memory suppresses flowering by repressing CsFTL3”
e1“in the wild C. seticuspe”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that this suppression prevents short-day floral induction in spring.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Outcome
- floral inductione0
- Direction
- preventse0
- Qualifier
- under SD in springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This prevents floral induction under SD in spring, and is one of the factors that determines the autumn-flowering nature of chrysanthemum.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify cold memory as a factor in autumn flowering of chrysanthemum.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Outcome
- autumn-flowering naturee0
- Qualifier
- cold memorye1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“one of the factors that determines the autumn-flowering nature of chrysanthemum”
e1“cold memory suppresses flowering by repressing CsFTL3”
The same questions in other papers
cold · phenology · ChrysanthemumPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.