Abstract
Sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani , is a big threat to the global rice production. To characterize the early development of R. solani on rice leaf and leaf sheath, two genotypes, GD66 (a resistant genotype) and Lemont (a susceptible genotype), were observed using four cytological techniques: the whole-mount eosin B-staining confocal laser scanning microscopy (WE-CLSM), stereoscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and plastic semi-thin sectioning after in vitro inoculation. WE-CLSM observation showed that, at 12 h post-inoculation (hpi), the amount of hyphae increased dramatically on leaf and sheath surface, the infection cushions occurred and maintained at a huge number from about 18 to 36 hpi, and then the infection cushions disappeared gradually from about 42 to 72 hpi. Interestingly, R. solani could not only colonize on the abaxial surfaces of leaf sheath but also invade the paraxial side of the leaf sheath, which shows a different behavior from that of leaf. RNA sequencing detected 6,234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for Lemont and 7,784 DEGs for GD66 at 24 hpi, and 2,523 DEGs for Lemont and 2,719 DEGs for GD66 at 48 hpi, suggesting that GD66 is recruiting more genes in fighting against the pathogen. Among DEGs, resistant genes, such as OsRLCK5 , Xa21 , and Pid2 , displayed higher expression in the resistant genotype than the susceptible genotype at both 24 and 48 hpi, which were validated by quantitative reverse transcription–PCR. Our results indicated that the resistance phenotype of GD66 was the consequence of recruiting a series of resistance genes involved in different regulatory pathways. WE-CLSM is a powerful technique for uncovering the mechanism of R. solani invading rice and for detecting rice sheath blight–resistant germplasm.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Hyphae increased dramatically on rice leaf and sheath surfaces at 12 hpi.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Organ / stage
- leaf and sheath surfacee0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia solanit0pathogen - Outcome
- amount of hyphaee0
- Direction
- increased dramaticallye0
- Value
- 12 h post-inoculation (hpi)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 12 h post-inoculation (hpi), the amount of hyphae increased dramatically on leaf and sheath surface”
t0“Rhizoctonia solani colonization on leaf sheath and different genes recruited between the resistant and susceptible genotypes in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection cushions were numerous from about 18 to 36 hpi.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection cushionse0
- Direction
- maintained at a huge numbere0
- Qualifier
- from about 18 to 36 hpie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the infection cushions occurred and maintained at a huge number from about 18 to 36 hpi”
t0“Rhizoctonia solani colonization on leaf sheath and different genes recruited between the resistant and susceptible genotypes in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection cushions gradually disappeared from about 42 to 72 hpi.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection cushionse0
- Direction
- disappeared graduallye0
- Qualifier
- from about 42 to 72 hpie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the infection cushions disappeared gradually from about 42 to 72 hpi”
t0“Rhizoctonia solani colonization on leaf sheath and different genes recruited between the resistant and susceptible genotypes in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
R. solani colonized both abaxial and paraxial sides of rice leaf sheath.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- colonize on the abaxial surfaces of leaf sheath but also invade the paraxial side of the leaf sheathe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R. solani could not only colonize on the abaxial surfaces of leaf sheath but also invade the paraxial side of the leaf sheath”
t0“Rhizoctonia solani colonization on leaf sheath and different genes recruited between the resistant and susceptible genotypes in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At 24 hpi, Lemont had 6,234 differentially expressed genes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Lemonte0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e0
- Value
- 6,234e0
- Qualifier
- at 24 hpie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RNA sequencing detected 6,234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for Lemont and 7,784 DEGs for GD66 at 24 hpi”
t0“Rhizoctonia solani colonization on leaf sheath and different genes recruited between the resistant and susceptible genotypes in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At 24 hpi, GD66 had 7,784 differentially expressed genes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RNA sequencing detected 6,234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for Lemont and 7,784 DEGs for GD66 at 24 hpi”
t0“Rhizoctonia solani colonization on leaf sheath and different genes recruited between the resistant and susceptible genotypes in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At 48 hpi, Lemont had 2,523 differentially expressed genes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,523 DEGs for Lemont and 2,719 DEGs for GD66 at 48 hpi”
t0“Rhizoctonia solani colonization on leaf sheath and different genes recruited between the resistant and susceptible genotypes in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At 48 hpi, GD66 had 2,719 differentially expressed genes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,523 DEGs for Lemont and 2,719 DEGs for GD66 at 48 hpi”
t0“Rhizoctonia solani colonization on leaf sheath and different genes recruited between the resistant and susceptible genotypes in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
OsRLCK5, Xa21, and Pid2 were more highly expressed in resistant than susceptible rice at 24 and 48 hpi.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- OsRLCK5 , Xa21 , and Pid2e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- at both 24 and 48 hpie0
- Comparator
- the susceptible genotypee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OsRLCK5 , Xa21 , and Pid2 , displayed higher expression in the resistant genotype than the susceptible genotype at both 24 and 48 hpi”
t0“Rhizoctonia solani colonization on leaf sheath and different genes recruited between the resistant and susceptible genotypes in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed GD66 resistance to recruitment of resistance genes across regulatory pathways.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- GD66e0
- Gene
- resistance genese0
- Outcome
- resistance phenotypee0
- Qualifier
- different regulatory pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the resistance phenotype of GD66 was the consequence of recruiting a series of resistance genes involved in different regulatory pathways”
t0“Rhizoctonia solani colonization on leaf sheath and different genes recruited between the resistant and susceptible genotypes in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
WE-CLSM was presented as useful for revealing invasion and detecting resistant germplasm.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- uncovering the mechanism of R. solani invading rice and for detecting rice sheath blight–resistant germplasme0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WE-CLSM is a powerful technique for uncovering the mechanism of R. solani invading rice and for detecting rice sheath blight–resistant germplasm”