Abstract
Wild rocket is an expanding vegetable crop, especially as a fresh-cut product that requires high quality standards. These can be achieved through appropriate management of agronomic practices such as water supply and nitrogen nutrition, in combination with emerging techniques such as the application of biostimulating substances. Hence, this study is focused on evaluating the response of the wild rocket to the application of two biostimulants in relation to different water regimes and nitrogen levels. The combined effect of two watering regimes (WR) (restoration of 50% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration-ETc, named WR50 and WR100, respectively); three N levels (NL) (0, 75 and 150 kg ha-1 N, named N0, N75 and N150, respectively); two biostimulants (BS) based on seaweed extract (SW), Azoxystrobin (AZ) and an untreated control (C) are investigated. The split-split plot experimental design with three replicates was used by arranging WR in the main plots, NL in the subplots and BS in the sub-subplots. Experiment was carried out in an unheated greenhouse during two growth cycles. Water shortage caused root biomass/total biomass ratio (RR) increase by 11.3% and 31.1% drop in yield, mainly because of the reduction in leaf size and number. Total phenols (TP), total antioxidant activity (TAA), total carotenoids (TCa) and nitrate (Ni) content were higher in WR50 in respect to WR100 by 10.4%, 18.7%, 12.0%, and 35.5%, respectively, while total chlorophyll (TCh) was lower by 5.3%. The increase of NL between N0 and N150 raised yield (222%), TCh (32.5%) and Ni (288.3), but reduced RR (43%), TP (16.2%), TAA (21.4%) and TCa (31.0%). SW and AZ increased yield respectively by 10.3% and 16.9%, mainly because raised leaf number for SW and leaf size for AZ. Moreover, SW increased RR by 7.2%, while AZ reduced it by 17.2%. SW and AZ improved TP, TAA, TCh and TCa respectively by 8.8%, 13.1%, 10.2% and 23.8% and by 10.8%, 19.7%, 16.0% and 35.6%. BS reduced Ni content by 21.5 (SW) and 36.8% (AZ). SW and AZ have shown good biostimulating efficacy by increasing yield and improving quality, reducing the harmful effects of water deficit. Tested BSs can be a useful tool for wild rocket farmers, especially under scarce water resources.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Water shortage increased root biomass ratio by 11.3%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]
Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0 - Treatment
- Water shortagee0
- Outcome
- root biomass/total biomass ratio (RR)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 11.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water shortage caused root biomass/total biomass ratio (RR) increase by 11.3% and 31.1% drop in yield, mainly because of the reduction in leaf size and number.”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Water shortage reduced yield by 31.1%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- Water shortagee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- drope0
- Value
- 31.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water shortage caused root biomass/total biomass ratio (RR) increase by 11.3% and 31.1% drop in yield, mainly because of the reduction in leaf size and number.”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenols (TP) was higher under WR50 than WR100 by 10.4%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- WR50e0
- Outcome
- Total phenols (TP)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 10.4%e0
- Comparator
- WR100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols (TP), total antioxidant activity (TAA), total carotenoids (TCa) and nitrate (Ni) content were higher in WR50 in respect to WR100 by 10.4%, 18.7%, 12.0%, and 35.5%, respectively, while total chlorophyll (TCh) was lower by 5.3%.”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
total antioxidant activity (TAA) was higher under WR50 than WR100 by 18.7%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- WR50e0
- Outcome
- total antioxidant activity (TAA)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 18.7%e0
- Comparator
- WR100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols (TP), total antioxidant activity (TAA), total carotenoids (TCa) and nitrate (Ni) content were higher in WR50 in respect to WR100 by 10.4%, 18.7%, 12.0%, and 35.5%, respectively, while total chlorophyll (TCh) was lower by 5.3%.”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
total carotenoids (TCa) was higher under WR50 than WR100 by 12.0%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- WR50e0
- Outcome
- total carotenoids (TCa)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 12.0%e0
- Comparator
- WR100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols (TP), total antioxidant activity (TAA), total carotenoids (TCa) and nitrate (Ni) content were higher in WR50 in respect to WR100 by 10.4%, 18.7%, 12.0%, and 35.5%, respectively, while total chlorophyll (TCh) was lower by 5.3%.”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
nitrate (Ni) content was higher under WR50 than WR100 by 35.5%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- WR50e0
- Outcome
- nitrate (Ni) contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 35.5%e0
- Comparator
- WR100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols (TP), total antioxidant activity (TAA), total carotenoids (TCa) and nitrate (Ni) content were higher in WR50 in respect to WR100 by 10.4%, 18.7%, 12.0%, and 35.5%, respectively, while total chlorophyll (TCh) was lower by 5.3%.”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Total chlorophyll was lower under WR50 by 5.3%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- WR50e0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll (TCh)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 5.3%e0
- Comparator
- WR100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols (TP), total antioxidant activity (TAA), total carotenoids (TCa) and nitrate (Ni) content were higher in WR50 in respect to WR100 by 10.4%, 18.7%, 12.0%, and 35.5%, respectively, while total chlorophyll (TCh) was lower by 5.3%.”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen from N0 to N150 raised yield by 222%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- increase of NL between N0 and N150e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Value
- 222%e0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase of NL between N0 and N150 raised yield (222%), TCh (32.5%) and Ni (288.3), but reduced RR (43%), TP (16.2%), TAA (21.4%) and TCa (31.0%).”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen from N0 to N150 raised TCh by 32.5%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- increase of NL between N0 and N150e0
- Outcome
- TChe0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Value
- 32.5%e0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase of NL between N0 and N150 raised yield (222%), TCh (32.5%) and Ni (288.3), but reduced RR (43%), TP (16.2%), TAA (21.4%) and TCa (31.0%).”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen from N0 to N150 raised Ni by 288.3.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- increase of NL between N0 and N150e0
- Outcome
- Nie0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Value
- 288.3e0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase of NL between N0 and N150 raised yield (222%), TCh (32.5%) and Ni (288.3), but reduced RR (43%), TP (16.2%), TAA (21.4%) and TCa (31.0%).”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen from N0 to N150 reduced RR by 43%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- increase of NL between N0 and N150e0
- Outcome
- RRe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 43%e0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase of NL between N0 and N150 raised yield (222%), TCh (32.5%) and Ni (288.3), but reduced RR (43%), TP (16.2%), TAA (21.4%) and TCa (31.0%).”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen from N0 to N150 reduced TP by 16.2%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- increase of NL between N0 and N150e0
- Outcome
- TPe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 16.2%e0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase of NL between N0 and N150 raised yield (222%), TCh (32.5%) and Ni (288.3), but reduced RR (43%), TP (16.2%), TAA (21.4%) and TCa (31.0%).”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen from N0 to N150 reduced TAA by 21.4%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- increase of NL between N0 and N150e0
- Outcome
- TAAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 21.4%e0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase of NL between N0 and N150 raised yield (222%), TCh (32.5%) and Ni (288.3), but reduced RR (43%), TP (16.2%), TAA (21.4%) and TCa (31.0%).”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen from N0 to N150 reduced TCa by 31.0%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- increase of NL between N0 and N150e0
- Outcome
- TCae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 31.0%e0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase of NL between N0 and N150 raised yield (222%), TCh (32.5%) and Ni (288.3), but reduced RR (43%), TP (16.2%), TAA (21.4%) and TCa (31.0%).”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
SW increased yield by 10.3%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- SWe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SW and AZ increased yield respectively by 10.3% and 16.9%, mainly because raised leaf number for SW and leaf size for AZ.”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
AZ increased yield by 16.9%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- AZe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SW and AZ increased yield respectively by 10.3% and 16.9%, mainly because raised leaf number for SW and leaf size for AZ.”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
SW increased root biomass ratio by 7.2%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- SWe0
- Outcome
- RRe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, SW increased RR by 7.2%, while AZ reduced it by 17.2%.”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
AZ reduced root biomass ratio by 17.2%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- AZe0
- Outcome
- RRe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 17.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, SW increased RR by 7.2%, while AZ reduced it by 17.2%.”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
SW improved total phenols by 8.8%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- SWe0
- Outcome
- TPe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 8.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SW and AZ improved TP, TAA, TCh and TCa respectively by 8.8%, 13.1%, 10.2% and 23.8% and by 10.8%, 19.7%, 16.0% and 35.6%.”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
Claim · model-written summary
AZ improved total phenols by 10.8%.
- Taxon
- wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]Diplotaxis tenuifoliat0
- Treatment
- AZe0
- Outcome
- TPe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 10.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SW and AZ improved TP, TAA, TCh and TCa respectively by 8.8%, 13.1%, 10.2% and 23.8% and by 10.8%, 19.7%, 16.0% and 35.6%.”
t0“wild rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.]”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · yield · Diplotaxis tenuifoliaPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
other · quality: phytochemicals · Diplotaxis tenuifoliaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
other · yield · Diplotaxis tenuifoliaResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.