Abstract
The present study was carried out to explore the possible role of kinetin and gibberellic acid (GA3) on faba bean under chromium (Cr) stress. Cr treatment negatively affected growth and biomass production, reduced photosynthetic pigments, and inhibited photosynthesis, gas exchange parameters, antioxidant enzymes, and the glyoxylase cycle. Moreover, Cr stress enhanced the production of malondialdehyde (MDA, 216.11%) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 230.16%), electrolyte leakage (EL, 293.30%), and the accumulation of proline and glycine betaine. Exogenous application of kinetin and GA3 increased growth and biomass, improved pigment contents and photosynthesis, as well as up-regulated the antioxidant system by improving the antioxidant enzyme activities and the content of nonenzymatic components, and the glyoxylase cycle. Additionally, kinetin and GA3 application displayed a considerable enhancement in proline (602.61%) and glycine betaine (423.72), which help the plants to maintain water balance under stress. Furthermore, a decline in Cr uptake was also observed due to kinetin and GA3 application. Exogenous application of kinetin and GA3 ameliorated the toxic effects of Cr in faba bean plants, up-shooting the tolerance mechanisms, including osmolyte metabolism and the antioxidant system.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced faba bean growth and biomass.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabat0 - Treatment
- Cr treatmente0
- Outcome
- growth and biomass productione0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr treatment negatively affected growth and biomass production”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced photosynthetic pigments and inhibited photosynthesis and gas exchange.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Cre1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, and inhibited photosynthesis, gas exchange parameterse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced photosynthetic pigments, and inhibited photosynthesis, gas exchange parameters”
e1“Cr treatment”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium inhibited antioxidant enzymes and the glyoxylase cycle.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Cr treatmente0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymes, and the glyoxylase cyclee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr treatment negatively affected growth and biomass production, reduced photosynthetic pigments, and inhibited photosynthesis, gas exchange parameters, antioxidant enzymes, and the glyoxylase cycle”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium enhanced malondialdehyde production by 216.11%.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Cr stresse0
- Outcome
- production of malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 216.11%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr stress enhanced the production of malondialdehyde (MDA, 216.11%)”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium enhanced hydrogen peroxide production by 230.16%.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Cr stresse0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 230.16%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr stress enhanced the production of malondialdehyde (MDA, 216.11%) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 230.16%)”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium enhanced electrolyte leakage by 293.30%.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Cr stresse0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 293.30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr stress enhanced the production of malondialdehyde (MDA, 216.11%) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 230.16%), electrolyte leakage (EL, 293.30%)”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium increased accumulation of proline and glycine betaine.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Cr stresse0
- Outcome
- accumulation of proline and glycine betainee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr stress enhanced the production of malondialdehyde (MDA, 216.11%) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 230.16%), electrolyte leakage (EL, 293.30%), and the accumulation of proline and glycine betaine”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin and GA3 increased growth and biomass.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of kinetin and GA3e0
- Outcome
- growth and biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of kinetin and GA3 increased growth and biomass”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin and GA3 improved pigment contents and photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of kinetin and GA3e0
- Outcome
- pigment contents and photosynthesise0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of kinetin and GA3 increased growth and biomass, improved pigment contents and photosynthesis”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin and GA3 improved antioxidant enzyme activities, nonenzymatic components, and the glyoxylase cycle.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of kinetin and GA3e0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activities and the content of nonenzymatic components, and the glyoxylase cyclee0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of kinetin and GA3 increased growth and biomass, improved pigment contents and photosynthesis, as well as up-regulated the antioxidant system by improving the antioxidant enzyme activities and the content of nonenzymatic components, and the glyoxylase cycle”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin and GA3 enhanced proline by 602.61%.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- kinetin and GA3 applicatione0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 602.61%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kinetin and GA3 application displayed a considerable enhancement in proline (602.61%)”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin and GA3 enhanced glycine betaine by 423.72.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- kinetin and GA3 applicatione0
- Outcome
- glycine betainee0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 423.72e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kinetin and GA3 application displayed a considerable enhancement in proline (602.61%) and glycine betaine (423.72)”
t0“Faba Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin and GA3 reduced chromium uptake.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- kinetin and GA3 applicatione0
- Outcome
- Cr uptakee0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decline in Cr uptake was also observed due to kinetin and GA3 application”
t0“Faba Bean”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · nutrient: content · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
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kinetin · growth · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
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See all 5 papers →Gibberellic acid · growth · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
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See all 11 papers →chromium atom · physiology: oxidative · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
chromium atom · yield · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Gibberellic acid · physiology: photosynthesis · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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kinetin · physiology: photosynthesis · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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Gibberellic acid · physiology: osmolytes · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.