Abstract
The use of growth regulators such as gibberellic acid (GA3) and biostimulants, including diluted bee honey (Db-H) can improve drought tolerance in many crops, including the faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Db-H contains high values of osmoprotectants, mineral nutrients, vitamins, and many antioxidants making it an effective growth regulator against environmental stress effects. Therefore, the present study was planned to investigate the potential improvement in the faba bean plant performance (growth and productivity) under full watering (100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc)) and drought stress (60% of ETc) by foliar application of GA3 (20 mg L−1) or Db-H (20 g L−1). The ameliorative impacts of these growth regulators on growth, productivity, physio-biochemical attributes, nutrient status, antioxidant defense system, and phytohormones were evaluated. GA3 or Db-H attenuated the negative influences of drought stress on cell membrane stability, ion leakage, relative water content, nutrient status, leaf pigments related to photosynthesis (chlorophylls and carotenoids), and efficiency of the photosystem II (PSII in terms of Fv/Fm and performance index), thus improving faba bean growth, green pod yield, and water use efficiency. Drought stress caused an abnormal state of nutrients and photosynthetic machinery due to increased indicators of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2•−)), associated with increased osmoprotectants (proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, and soluble protein), non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, glutathione, and α-tocopherol), and enzymatic antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate peroxidase). However, foliar-applied GA3 or Db-H mediated further increases in osmoprotectants, antioxidant capacity, GA3, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokinins, along with decreased levels of MDA and abscisic acid. These results suggest the use of GA3 or Db-H at the tested concentrations to mitigate drought-induced damage in bean plants to obtain satisfactory growth and productivity under a water deficit of up to 40%.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 attenuated drought effects on membrane stability, ion leakage and water content.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabae2 - Treatment
- GA3 (20 mg L−1)e1
- Outcome
- cell membrane stability, ion leakage, relative water contente0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
- Comparator
- drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 or Db-H attenuated the negative influences of drought stress on cell membrane stability, ion leakage, relative water content”
e1“foliar application of GA3 (20 mg L−1) or Db-H (20 g L−1)”
e2“faba bean plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Db-H attenuated drought effects on membrane stability, ion leakage and water content.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae2
- Treatment
- Db-H (20 g L−1)e1
- Outcome
- cell membrane stability, ion leakage, relative water contente0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
- Comparator
- drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 or Db-H attenuated the negative influences of drought stress on cell membrane stability, ion leakage, relative water content”
e1“foliar application of GA3 (20 mg L−1) or Db-H (20 g L−1)”
e2“faba bean plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 attenuated drought effects on nutrient status, leaf pigments and PSII efficiency.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae2
- Treatment
- GA3 (20 mg L−1)e1
- Outcome
- nutrient status, leaf pigments related to photosynthesis (chlorophylls and carotenoids), and efficiency of the photosystem IIe0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
- Comparator
- drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 or Db-H attenuated the negative influences of drought stress on cell membrane stability, ion leakage, relative water content, nutrient status, leaf pigments related to photosynthesis (chlorophylls and carotenoids), and efficiency of the photosystem II (PSII in terms of Fv/Fm and performance index)”
e1“GA3 (20 mg L−1)”
e2“faba bean plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Db-H attenuated drought effects on nutrient status, leaf pigments and PSII efficiency.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae2
- Treatment
- Db-H (20 g L−1)e1
- Outcome
- nutrient status, leaf pigments related to photosynthesis (chlorophylls and carotenoids), and efficiency of the photosystem IIe0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
- Comparator
- drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 or Db-H attenuated the negative influences of drought stress on cell membrane stability, ion leakage, relative water content, nutrient status, leaf pigments related to photosynthesis (chlorophylls and carotenoids), and efficiency of the photosystem II (PSII in terms of Fv/Fm and performance index)”
e1“Db-H (20 g L−1)”
e2“faba bean plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 improved faba bean growth, green pod yield and water use efficiency under drought.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- GA3 (20 mg L−1)e2
- Outcome
- faba bean growth, green pod yield, and water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- drought stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thus improving faba bean growth, green pod yield, and water use efficiency”
e1“GA3 or Db-H attenuated the negative influences of drought stress”
e2“GA3 (20 mg L−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Db-H improved faba bean growth, green pod yield and water use efficiency under drought.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Db-H (20 g L−1)e2
- Outcome
- faba bean growth, green pod yield, and water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- drought stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thus improving faba bean growth, green pod yield, and water use efficiency”
e1“GA3 or Db-H attenuated the negative influences of drought stress”
e2“Db-H (20 g L−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased oxidative stress indicators in faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- indicators of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2•−))e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress caused an abnormal state of nutrients and photosynthetic machinery due to increased indicators of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2•−))”
e1“faba bean plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought was associated with increased osmoprotectants and antioxidants in faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae2
- Treatment
- Drought stresse1
- Outcome
- osmoprotectants (proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, and soluble protein), non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, glutathione, and α-tocopherol), and enzymatic antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate peroxidase)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“associated with increased osmoprotectants (proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, and soluble protein), non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, glutathione, and α-tocopherol), and enzymatic antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate peroxidase)”
e1“Drought stress”
e2“faba bean plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar GA3 further increased osmoprotectants, antioxidant capacity and growth hormones.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- foliar-applied GA3e0
- Outcome
- osmoprotectants, antioxidant capacity, GA3, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokininse0
- Direction
- further increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar-applied GA3 or Db-H mediated further increases in osmoprotectants, antioxidant capacity, GA3, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokinins”
e1“faba bean plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Db-H further increased osmoprotectants, antioxidant capacity and growth hormones.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- Db-He0
- Outcome
- osmoprotectants, antioxidant capacity, GA3, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokininse0
- Direction
- further increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar-applied GA3 or Db-H mediated further increases in osmoprotectants, antioxidant capacity, GA3, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokinins”
e1“faba bean plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar GA3 decreased MDA and abscisic acid levels.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- foliar-applied GA3e0
- Outcome
- levels of MDA and abscisic acide0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar-applied GA3 or Db-H mediated further increases in osmoprotectants, antioxidant capacity, GA3, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokinins, along with decreased levels of MDA and abscisic acid”
e1“faba bean plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Db-H decreased MDA and abscisic acid levels.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- Db-He0
- Outcome
- levels of MDA and abscisic acide0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar-applied GA3 or Db-H mediated further increases in osmoprotectants, antioxidant capacity, GA3, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokinins, along with decreased levels of MDA and abscisic acid”
e1“faba bean plant performance”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend GA3 at the tested concentration to mitigate drought damage in bean plants under up to 40% water deficit.
Verbatim
e0“These results suggest the use of GA3 or Db-H at the tested concentrations to mitigate drought-induced damage in bean plants to obtain satisfactory growth and productivity under a water deficit of up to 40%”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend Db-H at the tested concentration to mitigate drought damage in bean plants under up to 40% water deficit.
Verbatim
e0“These results suggest the use of GA3 or Db-H at the tested concentrations to mitigate drought-induced damage in bean plants to obtain satisfactory growth and productivity under a water deficit of up to 40%”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · physiology: photosynthesis · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Gibberellic acid · physiology: oxidative · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
drought · physiology: oxidative · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results differ
12 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →application · physiology: oxidative · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
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6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →application · physiology: hormones · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.