Abstract
Abstract Selenium (Se) is necessary for plants in trace amounts, whereas lead (Pb) is a hazardous that hinders their growth. To fill a gap in the existing literature, we intentionally subjected plants to 50 mM Pb concentration to investigate their immediate molecular, physiological, and biochemical responses, as well as the potential of Se seed priming to mitigate the anticipated adverse response. Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control. The two-week-old plants experienced a transient stress for three successive days by Pb foliar spray (50 mM). The molecular, physiological, and biochemical responses of the four-weeks-old plants were examined. The short-term exposure to 50 mM Pb via foliar spray resulted in minimal visible phytotoxic effects; however, decreased growth parameters were observed, indicating that while acute toxicity is not apparent, physiological stress exists. This was evidenced by a marked reduction in photosynthetic pigment content and capacity, alongside an increase in stress markers: malondialdehyde (48.56%), H 2 O 2 (68.11%), electrolyte leakage (22.36%), and lipoxygenase (35.43%). Se priming significantly reduced all these stress markers. Under Pb stress, Se priming resulted in significant increases in shoot length (20.5%), fresh weight (31.3%), and leaf area (27.6%), along with enhancements in gas exchange parameters, including photosynthetic rate (68.2%) and chlorophyll a and b contents (17.5%). Furthermore, it significantly enhanced the levels of antioxidant compounds by increasing total phenolics (16.6%), proline (28.3%), glycine betaine (10.9%), total thiol (13.6%), and total antioxidant capacity (33.3%) compared to Pb stress alone. Significant upregulation of stress-signaling genes was observed in Se-primed plants exposed to Pb stress, specifically in the ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, P-type plasma membrane H + -ATPase, and calcium-dependent protein kinase. Additionally, Se seed priming reduced Pb translocation by lowering the translocation factor to 0.57 from 0.7 in non-Se-primed Pb-stressed plants. This experimental approach illuminates the rapid physiological defense mechanisms, transcriptional response of certain stress and signaling genes, and resilience to Pb stress via Se seed priming to support plant development in Pb-contaminated environments.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar lead exposure at 50 mM decreased growth parameters of Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia faba
Vicia fabae0 - Treatment
- 50 mM Pb via foliar spraye1
- Outcome
- growth parameterse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“The short-term exposure to 50 mM Pb via foliar spray resulted in minimal visible phytotoxic effects; however, decreased growth parameters were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar lead exposure at 50 mM caused minimal visible phytotoxic effects on Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- 50 mM Pb via foliar spraye1
- Outcome
- visible phytotoxic effectse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“The short-term exposure to 50 mM Pb via foliar spray resulted in minimal visible phytotoxic effects; however, decreased growth parameters were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead exposure markedly reduced photosynthetic pigment content and capacity of Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- 50 mM Pb via foliar spraye1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment content and capacitye2
- Direction
- reductione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“The short-term exposure to 50 mM Pb via foliar spray resulted in minimal visible phytotoxic effects; however, decreased growth parameters were observed”
e2“a marked reduction in photosynthetic pigment content and capacity”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead exposure increased malondialdehyde by 48.56% in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- 50 mM Pb via foliar spraye1
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 48.56%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“The short-term exposure to 50 mM Pb via foliar spray resulted in minimal visible phytotoxic effects; however, decreased growth parameters were observed”
e2“an increase in stress markers: malondialdehyde (48.56%), H 2 O 2 (68.11%), electrolyte leakage (22.36%), and lipoxygenase (35.43%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead exposure increased H 2 O 2 by 68.11% in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- 50 mM Pb via foliar spraye1
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2e2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 68.11%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“The short-term exposure to 50 mM Pb via foliar spray resulted in minimal visible phytotoxic effects; however, decreased growth parameters were observed”
e2“an increase in stress markers: malondialdehyde (48.56%), H 2 O 2 (68.11%), electrolyte leakage (22.36%), and lipoxygenase (35.43%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead exposure increased electrolyte leakage by 22.36% in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- 50 mM Pb via foliar spraye1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 22.36%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“The short-term exposure to 50 mM Pb via foliar spray resulted in minimal visible phytotoxic effects; however, decreased growth parameters were observed”
e2“an increase in stress markers: malondialdehyde (48.56%), H 2 O 2 (68.11%), electrolyte leakage (22.36%), and lipoxygenase (35.43%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead exposure increased lipoxygenase by 35.43% in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- 50 mM Pb via foliar spraye1
- Outcome
- lipoxygenasee2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 35.43%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“The short-term exposure to 50 mM Pb via foliar spray resulted in minimal visible phytotoxic effects; however, decreased growth parameters were observed”
e2“an increase in stress markers: malondialdehyde (48.56%), H 2 O 2 (68.11%), electrolyte leakage (22.36%), and lipoxygenase (35.43%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium seed priming significantly reduced the lead-induced stress markers in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Se priminge1
- Outcome
- stress markerse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- Pb stress alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“Se priming significantly reduced all these stress markers”
e2“compared to Pb stress alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium seed priming under Pb stress significantly increased shoot length by 20.5% in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Se priminge1
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Value
- 20.5%e1
- Comparator
- Pb stress alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“Under Pb stress, Se priming resulted in significant increases in shoot length (20.5%), fresh weight (31.3%), and leaf area (27.6%)”
e2“compared to Pb stress alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium seed priming under Pb stress significantly increased fresh weight by 31.3% in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Se priminge1
- Outcome
- fresh weighte1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Value
- 31.3%e1
- Comparator
- Pb stress alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“Under Pb stress, Se priming resulted in significant increases in shoot length (20.5%), fresh weight (31.3%), and leaf area (27.6%)”
e2“compared to Pb stress alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium seed priming under Pb stress significantly increased leaf area by 27.6% in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Se priminge1
- Outcome
- leaf areae1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Value
- 27.6%e1
- Comparator
- Pb stress alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“Under Pb stress, Se priming resulted in significant increases in shoot length (20.5%), fresh weight (31.3%), and leaf area (27.6%)”
e2“compared to Pb stress alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium seed priming under Pb stress enhanced photosynthetic rate by 68.2% in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- soaking in a 100 µM Se solutione0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee1
- Direction
- enhancementse1
- Value
- 68.2%e1
- Comparator
- Pb stress alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“along with enhancements in gas exchange parameters, including photosynthetic rate (68.2%) and chlorophyll a and b contents (17.5%)”
e2“compared to Pb stress alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium seed priming under Pb stress enhanced chlorophyll a and b contents by 17.5% in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- soaking in a 100 µM Se solutione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and b contentse1
- Direction
- enhancementse1
- Value
- 17.5%e1
- Comparator
- Pb stress alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“along with enhancements in gas exchange parameters, including photosynthetic rate (68.2%) and chlorophyll a and b contents (17.5%)”
e2“compared to Pb stress alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium seed priming increased total phenolics by 16.6% compared with Pb stress alone in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- soaking in a 100 µM Se solutione0
- Outcome
- total phenolicse1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 16.6%e1
- Comparator
- Pb stress alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“Furthermore, it significantly enhanced the levels of antioxidant compounds by increasing total phenolics (16.6%), proline (28.3%), glycine betaine (10.9%), total thiol (13.6%), and total antioxidant capacity (33.3%) compared to Pb stress alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium seed priming increased proline by 28.3% compared with Pb stress alone in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- soaking in a 100 µM Se solutione0
- Outcome
- prolinee1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 28.3%e1
- Comparator
- Pb stress alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“Furthermore, it significantly enhanced the levels of antioxidant compounds by increasing total phenolics (16.6%), proline (28.3%), glycine betaine (10.9%), total thiol (13.6%), and total antioxidant capacity (33.3%) compared to Pb stress alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium seed priming increased glycine betaine by 10.9% compared with Pb stress alone in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- soaking in a 100 µM Se solutione0
- Outcome
- glycine betainee1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 10.9%e1
- Comparator
- Pb stress alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“Furthermore, it significantly enhanced the levels of antioxidant compounds by increasing total phenolics (16.6%), proline (28.3%), glycine betaine (10.9%), total thiol (13.6%), and total antioxidant capacity (33.3%) compared to Pb stress alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium seed priming increased total thiol by 13.6% compared with Pb stress alone in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- soaking in a 100 µM Se solutione0
- Outcome
- total thiole1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 13.6%e1
- Comparator
- Pb stress alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“Furthermore, it significantly enhanced the levels of antioxidant compounds by increasing total phenolics (16.6%), proline (28.3%), glycine betaine (10.9%), total thiol (13.6%), and total antioxidant capacity (33.3%) compared to Pb stress alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium seed priming increased total antioxidant capacity by 33.3% compared with Pb stress alone in Vicia faba.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- soaking in a 100 µM Se solutione0
- Outcome
- total antioxidant capacitye1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 33.3%e1
- Comparator
- Pb stress alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“Furthermore, it significantly enhanced the levels of antioxidant compounds by increasing total phenolics (16.6%), proline (28.3%), glycine betaine (10.9%), total thiol (13.6%), and total antioxidant capacity (33.3%) compared to Pb stress alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium-primed Vicia faba under Pb stress showed significant upregulation of stress-signaling genes.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Se-primede1
- Gene
- ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, P-type plasma membrane H + -ATPase, and calcium-dependent protein kinasee1
- Outcome
- stress-signaling genese1
- Direction
- upregulatione1
- Comparator
- Pb stress alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“Significant upregulation of stress-signaling genes was observed in Se-primed plants exposed to Pb stress, specifically in the ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, P-type plasma membrane H + -ATPase, and calcium-dependent protein kinase”
e2“compared to Pb stress alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium seed priming reduced Pb translocation in Vicia faba, lowering the translocation factor to 0.57.
- Taxon
- Vicia fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Se seed priminge1
- Outcome
- Pb translocatione1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 0.57e1
- Qualifier
- translocation factor to 0.57 from 0.7e1
- Comparator
- non-Se-primed Pb-stressed plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vicia faba seeds were primed by soaking in a 100 µM Se solution for 12 h or in water for control”
e1“Se seed priming reduced Pb translocation by lowering the translocation factor to 0.57 from 0.7 in non-Se-primed Pb-stressed plants”
The same questions in other papers
selenium atom · molecular: metabolites · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
selenium atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
selenium atom · physiology: pigments · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
selenium atom · quality: phytochemicals · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
lead atom · physiology: oxidative · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
selenium atom · physiology: osmolytes · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
selenium atom · nutrient: content · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
selenium atom · growth · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
8 of 18 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.