Abstract
Imbalanced water and fertilizer systems have limited the yield and quality of grapes in extremely arid areas. The combined application of organic (OF) and inorganic fertilizers (CF) has been proven to be one of the practical approaches to improving yield and quality. Nevertheless, very few studies have focused on the irrigation amount in organically fertilized and drip-irrigated grapes. Hence, in this study, four combined application ratios of organic and inorganic fertilizers (70%OF + 30%CF, 50%OF + 50%CF, 30%OF + 70%CF, and 0%OF + 100%CF), and four irrigation amounts (630, 675, 720, and 765 mm) were set coupling in a two-year field experiment. Generally, under four irrigation levels, combined organic-inorganic fertilizers increased soil nutrients and improved seedless white grape growth, yield, and quality. The results of the combined fertilizer application treatments showed that the content of available nitrogen (55.97–102.60%), available phosphorus (49.41–124.74%), and available potassium (60.70–124.33%) in soil increased significantly compared with those values under a single application of inorganic fertilizer. In addition, the combined application increased the length of new shoots and leaf midribs (grapes) by 3.16–11.88% and 7.35–15.15%, respectively; this application mode also significantly enhanced transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), and net photosynthetic rate (Pn). Furthermore, the grape yield increased by 6.68–19.12%, and the fruit quality notably improved (except for the index of fruit shape). Under the four irrigation amounts, two-year average yields were reported as 17.53, 20.60, 23.31, and 22.71 kg/ha, respectively. Additionally, we used four evaluation methods to assess the fruit quality and compared their correlations with the comprehensive evaluation model. And we concluded that the principal component analysis method (PCA) is best suited for evaluating drip-irrigated grapes’ quality. Then, we applied the PCA to seek proper irrigation management; the results displayed that a suitable irrigation amount of 720 mm and the ratio of organic-inorganic application of 50% organic fertilizer + 50% inorganic fertilizer is recommended. However, further research is required to investigate the effects of soluble and complete organic fertilizers application on drip-irrigated grapes.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizer increased soil available nitrogen by 55.97–102.60%.
Verbatim
e0“available nitrogen (55.97–102.60%), available phosphorus (49.41–124.74%), and available potassium (60.70–124.33%) in soil increased significantly compared with those values under a single application of inorganic fertilizer”
e1“combined fertilizer application treatments”
e2“seedless white grape growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizer increased soil available phosphorus by 49.41–124.74%.
Verbatim
e0“available nitrogen (55.97–102.60%), available phosphorus (49.41–124.74%), and available potassium (60.70–124.33%) in soil increased significantly compared with those values under a single application of inorganic fertilizer”
e1“combined fertilizer application treatments”
e2“seedless white grape growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizer increased soil available potassium by 60.70–124.33%.
Verbatim
e0“available nitrogen (55.97–102.60%), available phosphorus (49.41–124.74%), and available potassium (60.70–124.33%) in soil increased significantly compared with those values under a single application of inorganic fertilizer”
e1“combined fertilizer application treatments”
e2“seedless white grape growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizer increased new-shoot length by 3.16–11.88%.
Verbatim
e0“the combined application increased the length of new shoots and leaf midribs (grapes) by 3.16–11.88% and 7.35–15.15%, respectively”
e1“single application of inorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizer increased leaf-midrib length by 7.35–15.15%.
Verbatim
e0“the combined application increased the length of new shoots and leaf midribs (grapes) by 3.16–11.88% and 7.35–15.15%, respectively”
e1“single application of inorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizer enhanced grape transpiration, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis.
Verbatim
e0“this application mode also significantly enhanced transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), and net photosynthetic rate (Pn)”
e1“seedless white grape growth”
e2“single application of inorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizer increased grape yield by 6.68–19.12%.
Verbatim
e0“the grape yield increased by 6.68–19.12%”
e1“combined application increased the length of new shoots”
e2“single application of inorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizer improved fruit quality except fruit shape.
Verbatim
e0“the fruit quality notably improved (except for the index of fruit shape)”
e1“grape yield”
e2“the combined application increased the length of new shoots”
e3“single application of inorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
At 630 mm irrigation, the two-year average yield was 17.53 kg/ha.
Verbatim
e0“four irrigation amounts (630, 675, 720, and 765 mm)”
e1“two-year average yields were reported as 17.53, 20.60, 23.31, and 22.71 kg/ha, respectively”
e2“grape yield”
Claim · model-written summary
At 675 mm irrigation, the two-year average yield was 20.60 kg/ha.
Verbatim
e0“four irrigation amounts (630, 675, 720, and 765 mm)”
e1“two-year average yields were reported as 17.53, 20.60, 23.31, and 22.71 kg/ha, respectively”
e2“grape yield”
Claim · model-written summary
At 720 mm irrigation, the two-year average yield was 23.31 kg/ha.
Verbatim
e0“four irrigation amounts (630, 675, 720, and 765 mm)”
e1“two-year average yields were reported as 17.53, 20.60, 23.31, and 22.71 kg/ha, respectively”
e2“grape yield”
Claim · model-written summary
At 765 mm irrigation, the two-year average yield was 22.71 kg/ha.
Verbatim
e0“four irrigation amounts (630, 675, 720, and 765 mm)”
e1“two-year average yields were reported as 17.53, 20.60, 23.31, and 22.71 kg/ha, respectively”
e2“grape yield”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA was judged best suited for evaluating drip-irrigated grape quality.
Verbatim
e0“the principal component analysis method (PCA) is best suited for evaluating drip-irrigated grapes’ quality”
e1“four evaluation methods”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 720 mm irrigation and a 50/50 organic-inorganic fertilizer ratio.
Verbatim
e0“a suitable irrigation amount of 720 mm and the ratio of organic-inorganic application of 50% organic fertilizer + 50% inorganic fertilizer is recommended”
e1“drip-irrigated grapes’ quality”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · soil: chemistry · VitisPositive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
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See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.