Abstract
Fungal communities in agricultural soils are assumed to be affected by climate, weather, and anthropogenic activities, and magnitude of their effect depends on the agricultural activities. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the impact of the portfolio of management practices on fungal communities and soil physical-chemical properties. The study comprised different climate-smart agriculture (CSA)-based management scenarios (Sc) established on the principles of conservation agriculture (CA), namely, ScI is conventional tillage-based rice-wheat rotation, ScII is partial CA-based rice-wheat-mungbean, ScIII is partial CSA-based rice-wheat-mungbean, ScIV is partial CSA-based maize-wheat-mungbean, and ScV and ScVI are CSA-based scenarios and similar to ScIII and ScIV, respectively, except for fertigation method. All the scenarios were flood irrigated except the ScV and ScVI where water and nitrogen were given through subsurface drip irrigation. Soils of these scenarios were collected from 0 to 15 cm depth and analyzed by Illumina paired-end sequencing of Internal Transcribed Spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) for the study of fungal community composition. Analysis of 5 million processed sequences showed a higher Shannon diversity index of 1.47 times and a Simpson index of 1.12 times in maize-based CSA scenarios (ScIV and ScVI) compared with rice-based CSA scenarios (ScIII and ScV). Seven phyla were present in all the scenarios, where Ascomycota was the most abundant phyla and it was followed by Basidiomycota and Zygomycota. Ascomycota was found more abundant in rice-based CSA scenarios as compared to maize-based CSA scenarios. Soil organic carbon and nitrogen were found to be 1.62 and 1.25 times higher in CSA scenarios compared with other scenarios. Bulk density was found highest in farmers' practice (Sc1); however, mean weight diameter and water-stable aggregates were found lowest in ScI. Soil physical, chemical, and biological properties were found better under CSA-based practices, which also increased the wheat grain yield by 12.5% and system yield by 18.8%. These results indicate that bundling/layering of smart agricultural practices over farmers' practices has tremendous effects on soil properties, and hence play an important role in sustaining soil quality/health.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Maize based scenarios had 1.47 times higher soil fungal Shannon diversity than rice based scenarios.
- Treatment
- maize-based CSA scenarios (ScIV and ScVI)e0
- Outcome
- Shannon diversity indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.47 timese0
- Comparator
- rice-based CSA scenarios (ScIII and ScV)e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher Shannon diversity index of 1.47 times and a Simpson index of 1.12 times in maize-based CSA scenarios (ScIV and ScVI) compared with rice-based CSA scenarios (ScIII and ScV)”
e1“maize-wheat-mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize based scenarios had 1.12 times higher soil fungal Simpson diversity than rice based scenarios.
- Treatment
- maize-based CSA scenarios (ScIV and ScVI)e0
- Outcome
- Simpson indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.12 timese0
- Comparator
- rice-based CSA scenarios (ScIII and ScV)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher Shannon diversity index of 1.47 times and a Simpson index of 1.12 times in maize-based CSA scenarios (ScIV and ScVI) compared with rice-based CSA scenarios (ScIII and ScV)”
e1“maize-wheat-mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascomycota was the most abundant soil fungal phylum across scenarios.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Outcome
- most abundant phylae0
- Qualifier
- Ascomycotae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ascomycota was the most abundant phyla and it was followed by Basidiomycota and Zygomycota”
e1“rice-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascomycota was more abundant in rice based than maize based CSA scenarios.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- rice-based CSA scenariose0
- Outcome
- Ascomycotae0
- Direction
- more abundante0
- Comparator
- maize-based CSA scenariose0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ascomycota was found more abundant in rice-based CSA scenarios as compared to maize-based CSA scenarios.”
e1“ScIII is partial CSA-based rice-wheat-mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon was 1.62 times higher in CSA than other scenarios.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- CSA scenariose0
- Outcome
- Soil organic carbone0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.62e0
- Comparator
- other scenariose0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil organic carbon and nitrogen were found to be 1.62 and 1.25 times higher in CSA scenarios compared with other scenarios.”
e1“ScIII is partial CSA-based rice-wheat-mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nitrogen was 1.25 times higher in CSA than other scenarios.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- CSA scenariose0
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.25 timese0
- Comparator
- other scenariose0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil organic carbon and nitrogen were found to be 1.62 and 1.25 times higher in CSA scenarios compared with other scenarios.”
e1“ScIII is partial CSA-based rice-wheat-mungbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil bulk density was highest in the farmer practice scenario.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- farmers' practice (Sc1)e0
- Outcome
- Bulk densitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bulk density was found highest in farmers' practice (Sc1)”
e1“rice-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean weight diameter was lowest in scenario ScI.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ScIe0
- Outcome
- mean weight diametere0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mean weight diameter and water-stable aggregates were found lowest in ScI”
e1“rice-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stable aggregates were lowest in scenario ScI.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ScIe0
- Outcome
- water-stable aggregatese0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mean weight diameter and water-stable aggregates were found lowest in ScI”
e1“rice-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
CSA practices increased wheat grain yield by 12.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- CSA-based practicese0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil physical, chemical, and biological properties were found better under CSA-based practices, which also increased the wheat grain yield by 12.5% and system yield by 18.8%.”
Claim · model-written summary
CSA practices increased system yield by 18.8%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- CSA-based practicese0
- Outcome
- system yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil physical, chemical, and biological properties were found better under CSA-based practices, which also increased the wheat grain yield by 12.5% and system yield by 18.8%.”
The same questions in other papers
climate site · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
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- negative
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See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.