Abstract
Public concerns over the potential environmental hazards of intensive agriculture have renewed an interest in the low-input nitrogen (N) fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A two-year study (2001 and 2002) was conducted to determine the infl uence of cropping intensity, namely the low-N (67 kg N ha-1) and high-N (194 kg N ha-1) input levels on the grain N and phosphorus (P) content, phytate-P (phytic acid and its salts), hectoliter weight and grain yield of three bread wheat cultivars widely grown in Croatia. Growing conditions signifi cantly aff ected grain yields averaging 6641 kg ha-1 in the fi rst growing season and 8295 kg ha-1 in the following year. Despite an associated increase in the 1000-grain weights, the use of the low-N fertilization brought about a signifi cant decrease in grain yield, hectoliter weight and grain N content in all cultivars by an average of 18.1%, 1.5% and 22.6%, respectively, when compared to the high-N fertilization level. The reductions in grain N content were consistent in both years regardless of variations in grain yields among three tested cultivars. Grain N content under the low-N fertilization averaged 17.1 g kg-1 only, which may limit its use for breadmaking. In contrast, grain P content was not aff ected by N fertilization or growing season and averaged 4.70 g kg-1 across all treatments. Absolutely small, but significant diff erences existed among cultivars for total grain P content, of which about 80% was in the form of phytate-P. A negative correlation between the 1000-grain weight and P content was found because of tendency toward lower P content in heavier grains. When compared to the high-N input, the low-N fertilization practices for wheat crop were associated with a signifi cant decrease in grain yield and grain N content in all cultivars, but had no eff ect on grain P content regardless of cultivar.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Low-N fertilization decreased wheat grain yield by an average of 18.1% compared with high-N fertilization.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- low-N fertilizatione3
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 18.1%e1
- Comparator
- high-N fertilizatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“a signifi cant decrease in grain yield, hectoliter weight and grain N content in all cultivars by an average of 18.1%, 1.5% and 22.6%, respectively”
e2“when compared to the high-N fertilization level”
e3“the use of the low-N fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-N fertilization decreased wheat hectoliter weight by 1.5% compared with high-N fertilization.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- low-N fertilizatione3
- Outcome
- hectoliter weighte1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 1.5%e1
- Comparator
- high-N fertilizatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“a signifi cant decrease in grain yield, hectoliter weight and grain N content in all cultivars by an average of 18.1%, 1.5% and 22.6%, respectively”
e2“when compared to the high-N fertilization level”
e3“the use of the low-N fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-N fertilization decreased wheat grain N content by 22.6% compared with high-N fertilization.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- low-N fertilizatione3
- Outcome
- grain N contente1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 22.6%e1
- Comparator
- high-N fertilizatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“a signifi cant decrease in grain yield, hectoliter weight and grain N content in all cultivars by an average of 18.1%, 1.5% and 22.6%, respectively”
e2“when compared to the high-N fertilization level”
e3“the use of the low-N fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain N content under low-N fertilization averaged 17.1 g kg-1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- low-N fertilizatione4
- Outcome
- Grain N contente4
- Value
- 17.1 g kg-1e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e4“Grain N content under the low-N fertilization averaged 17.1 g kg-1 only”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain N content of 17.1 g kg-1 under low-N fertilization may limit wheat use for breadmaking.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- use for breadmakinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e5“which may limit its use for breadmaking”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization did not affect wheat grain P content, which averaged 4.70 g kg-1 across treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione6
- Outcome
- grain P contente6
- Direction
- not aff ectede6
- Value
- 4.70 g kg-1e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e6“grain P content was not aff ected by N fertilization or growing season and averaged 4.70 g kg-1 across all treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Growing season did not affect wheat grain P content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- growing seasone6
- Outcome
- grain P contente6
- Direction
- not aff ectede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e6“grain P content was not aff ected by N fertilization or growing season and averaged 4.70 g kg-1 across all treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Significant but absolutely small differences in total grain P content existed among wheat cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- cultivarse7
- Outcome
- total grain P contente7
- Qualifier
- Absolutely smalle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e7“Absolutely small, but significant diff erences existed among cultivars for total grain P content”
Claim · model-written summary
About 80% of grain P was in the form of phytate-P.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- in the form of phytate-Pe1
- Value
- about 80%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“of which about 80% was in the form of phytate-P”
Claim · model-written summary
A negative correlation was found between 1000-grain weight and grain P content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- heavier grainse1
- Outcome
- P contente1
- Direction
- negativee1
- Qualifier
- 1000-grain weighte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“A negative correlation between the 1000-grain weight and P content was found because of tendency toward lower P content in heavier grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Growing conditions significantly affected wheat grain yields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Growing conditionse1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Growing conditions signifi cantly aff ected grain yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain yield averaged 6641 kg ha-1 in the first growing season.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Value
- 6641 kg ha-1e2
- Qualifier
- fi rst growing seasone2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Growing conditions signifi cantly aff ected grain yields”
e2“averaging 6641 kg ha-1 in the fi rst growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain yield averaged 8295 kg ha-1 in the following year.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Value
- 8295 kg ha-1e2
- Qualifier
- in the following yeare2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Growing conditions signifi cantly aff ected grain yields”
e2“8295 kg ha-1 in the following year”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-N fertilization was associated with an increase in 1000-grain weight.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- low-N fertilizatione3
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weightse1
- Direction
- increasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization practices for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Despite an associated increase in the 1000-grain weights”
e3“the use of the low-N fertilization”
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