Abstract
Climate smart agriculture (CSA) practices are emerging as sustainable alternative to conventional rice-wheat system to pull up natural resources degradation across south Asia. After five years of continuous CSA based experiment, a two years study was conducted to evaluate changes in microbial biomasses (microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen), enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase), nutrient release and uptake (N, P and K) at different wheat crop growth stages. Effect of CSA practices was also studied for carbon mineralization in an incubation experiment. Four scenarios (Sc) were included in this study- conventional tillage (CT) based rice-wheat system (Sc1), partial CSA based rice-wheat-mungbean system (Sc2), full CSA based rice-wheat-mungbean system (Sc3), and full CSA based maize-wheat-mungbean system (Sc4). Soil samples were collected from scenarios at 0–15 and 15−30 cm depth at different growth stages of wheat crop namely sowing, crown root initiation (CRI), active tillering, panicle initiation, and harvesting. Analysis of soil was done for chemical properties viz. pH, electrical conductivity, available N, P, K, NPK uptake and mineralizable carbon and biological properties viz., microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), dehydrogenase activity (DHA), alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and β-glucosidase. Significantly higher microbial biomass carbon (42 %) and nitrogen (79 %) were found in surface soil (0−15 cm depth) under CSA based scenarios (Sc2, Sc3 and Sc4) at harvest stage of wheat over CT based/ conventional scenario (Sc1). At surface soil, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase activity was 58, 14 and 13 % higher in CSA based scenarios, respectively than CT based scenario. CSA based scenarios showed significantly higher C mineralization after 3 days of the incubation experiment at harvest. An increase of respectively 15, 48 and 17 % of N, P and K uptake was observed with CSA based scenarios than CT based scenario. At harvest stage, 7 % higher amount of dry matter was reported with full CSA based scenarios (mean of Sc2 to Sc4) compared to Sc1. Higher wheat grain yield of ∼10 % was recorded with CSA based scenarios over CT based scenario. Therefore, CSA based scenarios with improved biological properties and nutrient availability and uptake at different wheat growth stages resulted in higher yields and hence need to be popularized among the farmers.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
CSA scenarios raised surface-soil microbial biomass carbon by 42% at wheat harvest.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- harvest stagee0
- Treatment
- CSA based scenariose0
- Outcome
- microbial biomass carbone0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 42 %e0
- Comparator
- CT based/ conventional scenarioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significantly higher microbial biomass carbon (42 %) and nitrogen (79 %) were found in surface soil (0−15 cm depth) under CSA based scenarios (Sc2, Sc3 and Sc4) at harvest stage of wheat over CT based/ conventional scenario (Sc1)”
t0“wheat crop growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
CSA scenarios raised surface-soil microbial biomass nitrogen by 79% at wheat harvest.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CSA based scenariose0
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 79 %e0
- Comparator
- CT based/ conventional scenarioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significantly higher microbial biomass carbon (42 %) and nitrogen (79 %) were found in surface soil (0−15 cm depth) under CSA based scenarios (Sc2, Sc3 and Sc4) at harvest stage of wheat over CT based/ conventional scenario (Sc1)”
t0“wheat crop growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
CSA scenarios raised surface-soil alkaline phosphatase activity by 58%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CSA based scenariose0
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphatasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 58e0
- Comparator
- CT based scenarioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At surface soil, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase activity was 58, 14 and 13 % higher in CSA based scenarios, respectively than CT based scenario”
t0“wheat crop growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
CSA scenarios raised surface-soil dehydrogenase activity by 14%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CSA based scenariose0
- Outcome
- dehydrogenasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 14e0
- Comparator
- CT based scenarioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At surface soil, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase activity was 58, 14 and 13 % higher in CSA based scenarios, respectively than CT based scenario”
t0“wheat crop growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
CSA scenarios raised surface-soil β-glucosidase activity by 13%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CSA based scenariose0
- Outcome
- β-glucosidase activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 13 %e0
- Comparator
- CT based scenarioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At surface soil, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase activity was 58, 14 and 13 % higher in CSA based scenarios, respectively than CT based scenario”
t0“wheat crop growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
CSA scenarios increased carbon mineralization after three days of incubation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CSA based scenariose0
- Outcome
- C mineralizatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- after 3 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CSA based scenarios showed significantly higher C mineralization after 3 days of the incubation experiment at harvest”
t0“wheat crop growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
CSA scenarios increased wheat nitrogen uptake by 15%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CSA based scenariose0
- Outcome
- N, P and K uptakee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 15e0
- Comparator
- CT based scenarioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase of respectively 15, 48 and 17 % of N, P and K uptake was observed with CSA based scenarios than CT based scenario”
t0“wheat crop growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
CSA scenarios increased wheat phosphorus uptake by 48%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CSA based scenariose0
- Outcome
- N, P and K uptakee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 48e0
- Comparator
- CT based scenarioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase of respectively 15, 48 and 17 % of N, P and K uptake was observed with CSA based scenarios than CT based scenario”
t0“wheat crop growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
CSA scenarios increased wheat potassium uptake by 17%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CSA based scenariose0
- Outcome
- K uptakee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 17 %e0
- Comparator
- CT based scenarioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase of respectively 15, 48 and 17 % of N, P and K uptake was observed with CSA based scenarios than CT based scenario”
t0“wheat crop growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Full CSA scenarios had 7% more dry matter than Sc1 at harvest.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- full CSA based scenariose0
- Outcome
- dry mattere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 7 %e0
- Comparator
- Sc1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest stage, 7 % higher amount of dry matter was reported with full CSA based scenarios (mean of Sc2 to Sc4) compared to Sc1”
t0“wheat crop growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
CSA scenarios raised wheat grain yield by approximately 10%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CSA based scenariose0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Value
- ∼10 %e0
- Comparator
- CT based scenarioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher wheat grain yield of ∼10 % was recorded with CSA based scenarios over CT based scenario”
t0“wheat crop growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend wider farmer adoption of CSA scenarios.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- need to be popularized among the farmerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CSA based scenarios with improved biological properties and nutrient availability and uptake at different wheat growth stages resulted in higher yields and hence need to be popularized among the farmers”
t0“wheat crop growth stages”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.