Abstract
Wheat production under rainfed conditions is restrained by water scarcity, elevated temperatures, and lower nutrient uptake due to possible drought. The complex genotype, management, and environment (G × M × E) interactions can obstruct the selection of suitable high yielding wheat cultivars and nitrogen (N) management practices prerequisite to ensure food security and environmental sustainability in arid regions. The agronomic traits, water use efficiency (WUE), and N use efficiencies were evaluated under favorable and unfavorable weather conditions to explore the impacts of G × M × E on wheat growth and productivity. The multi-N rate (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N ha−1) field experiment was conducted under two weather conditions (favorable and unfavorable) using three wheat cultivars (AUR-809, CHK-50, and FSD-2008) in the Pothowar region of Pakistan. The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD), with split plot arrangements having cultivars in the main plot and N levels in the subplot. The results revealed a significant decrease in aboveground biomass, grain yield, crop N-uptake, WUE, and N use efficiency (NUE) by 15%, 22%, 21%, 18%, and 8%, respectively in the unfavorable growing season (2014–2015) as compared to favorable growing season (2013–2014) as a consequence of less rainfall and heat stress during the vegetative and reproductive growth phases, respectively. FSD-2008 showed a significantly higher aboveground biomass, grain yield, crop N-uptake, WUE, and NUE as compared to other wheat cultivars in both years. Besides, N140 appeared as the most suitable dose for wheat cultivars during the favorable growing season. However, any further increase in N application rates beyond N140 showed a non-significant effect on yield and yield components. Conversely, the wheat yield increased significantly up to 74% from N0 to N70 during the unfavorable growing season, and there was no substantial difference between N70–N280. The findings provide opportunities for maximizing yield while avoiding excessive N loss by selecting suitable cultivars and N application rates for rainfed areas of Pothowar Plateau by using meteorological forecasting, amount of summer rainfall, and initial soil moisture content.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Aboveground biomass decreased by 15% in the unfavorable growing season compared with the favorable one.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- unfavorable growing seasone1
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 15%e1
- Comparator
- favorable growing seasone1
- Setting
- Pothowar region of Pakistane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using three wheat cultivars (AUR-809, CHK-50, and FSD-2008) in the Pothowar region of Pakistan”
e1“a significant decrease in aboveground biomass, grain yield, crop N-uptake, WUE, and N use efficiency (NUE) by 15%, 22%, 21%, 18%, and 8%, respectively in the unfavorable growing season (2014–2015) as compared to favorable growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield decreased by 22% in the unfavorable growing season compared with the favorable one.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- unfavorable growing seasone1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 22%e1
- Comparator
- favorable growing seasone1
- Setting
- Pothowar region of Pakistane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using three wheat cultivars (AUR-809, CHK-50, and FSD-2008) in the Pothowar region of Pakistan”
e1“a significant decrease in aboveground biomass, grain yield, crop N-uptake, WUE, and N use efficiency (NUE) by 15%, 22%, 21%, 18%, and 8%, respectively in the unfavorable growing season (2014–2015) as compared to favorable growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop N-uptake decreased by 21% in the unfavorable growing season compared with the favorable one.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- unfavorable growing seasone1
- Outcome
- crop N-uptakee1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 21%e1
- Comparator
- favorable growing seasone1
- Setting
- Pothowar region of Pakistane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using three wheat cultivars (AUR-809, CHK-50, and FSD-2008) in the Pothowar region of Pakistan”
e1“a significant decrease in aboveground biomass, grain yield, crop N-uptake, WUE, and N use efficiency (NUE) by 15%, 22%, 21%, 18%, and 8%, respectively in the unfavorable growing season (2014–2015) as compared to favorable growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
WUE decreased by 18% in the unfavorable growing season compared with the favorable one.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- unfavorable growing seasone1
- Outcome
- WUEe1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 18%e1
- Comparator
- favorable growing seasone1
- Setting
- Pothowar region of Pakistane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using three wheat cultivars (AUR-809, CHK-50, and FSD-2008) in the Pothowar region of Pakistan”
e1“a significant decrease in aboveground biomass, grain yield, crop N-uptake, WUE, and N use efficiency (NUE) by 15%, 22%, 21%, 18%, and 8%, respectively in the unfavorable growing season (2014–2015) as compared to favorable growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
N use efficiency decreased by 8% in the unfavorable growing season compared with the favorable one.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- unfavorable growing seasone1
- Outcome
- N use efficiency (NUE)e1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 8%e1
- Comparator
- favorable growing seasone1
- Setting
- Pothowar region of Pakistane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using three wheat cultivars (AUR-809, CHK-50, and FSD-2008) in the Pothowar region of Pakistan”
e1“a significant decrease in aboveground biomass, grain yield, crop N-uptake, WUE, and N use efficiency (NUE) by 15%, 22%, 21%, 18%, and 8%, respectively in the unfavorable growing season (2014–2015) as compared to favorable growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
FSD-2008 had higher aboveground biomass, grain yield and crop N-uptake than the other wheat cultivars in both years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- FSD-2008e2
- Outcome
- aboveground biomass, grain yield, crop N-uptakee2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- other wheat cultivarse2
- Setting
- Pothowar region of Pakistane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using three wheat cultivars (AUR-809, CHK-50, and FSD-2008) in the Pothowar region of Pakistan”
e2“FSD-2008 showed a significantly higher aboveground biomass, grain yield, crop N-uptake, WUE, and NUE as compared to other wheat cultivars in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
FSD-2008 had higher WUE and NUE than the other wheat cultivars in both years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- FSD-2008e2
- Outcome
- WUE, and NUEe2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- other wheat cultivarse2
- Setting
- Pothowar region of Pakistane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using three wheat cultivars (AUR-809, CHK-50, and FSD-2008) in the Pothowar region of Pakistan”
e2“FSD-2008 showed a significantly higher aboveground biomass, grain yield, crop N-uptake, WUE, and NUE as compared to other wheat cultivars in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
N140 is the most suitable nitrogen dose for wheat cultivars in the favorable growing season.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- N140e3
- Outcome
- most suitable dosee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“N140 appeared as the most suitable dose for wheat cultivars during the favorable growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Further increases in N application beyond N140 had no significant effect on yield and yield components.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- further increase in N application rates beyond N140e4
- Outcome
- yield and yield componentse4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Comparator
- N140e4
- Setting
- Pothowar region of Pakistane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using three wheat cultivars (AUR-809, CHK-50, and FSD-2008) in the Pothowar region of Pakistan”
e4“any further increase in N application rates beyond N140 showed a non-significant effect on yield and yield components”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield increased by up to 74% from N0 to N70 in the unfavorable growing season.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N70e5
- Outcome
- wheat yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 74%e5
- Comparator
- N0e5
- Setting
- Pothowar region of Pakistane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using three wheat cultivars (AUR-809, CHK-50, and FSD-2008) in the Pothowar region of Pakistan”
e5“Conversely, the wheat yield increased significantly up to 74% from N0 to N70 during the unfavorable growing season, and there was no substantial difference between N70–N280”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield did not differ substantially between N70 and N280.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N70–N280e5
- Outcome
- wheat yielde5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
- Comparator
- N70e5
- Setting
- Pothowar region of Pakistane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using three wheat cultivars (AUR-809, CHK-50, and FSD-2008) in the Pothowar region of Pakistan”
e5“Conversely, the wheat yield increased significantly up to 74% from N0 to N70 during the unfavorable growing season, and there was no substantial difference between N70–N280”
Claim · model-written summary
Selecting suitable cultivars and N application rates may maximize yield while avoiding excessive N loss in rainfed areas.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- maximizing yield while avoiding excessive N loss by selecting suitable cultivars and N application ratese6
- Qualifier
- rainfed areas of Pothowar Plateaue6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using three wheat cultivars (AUR-809, CHK-50, and FSD-2008) in the Pothowar region of Pakistan”
e6“The findings provide opportunities for maximizing yield while avoiding excessive N loss by selecting suitable cultivars and N application rates for rainfed areas of Pothowar Plateau”
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