Abstract
BACKGROUND: seeds were grouped in 3 by seed coat color and germinated under chilling (4 °C) and non-acclimated conditions (18 °C) for a week, followed by normal conditions (18 °C) for three weeks and a subsequent chilling stress (4 °C) induction. We analyzed mean daily germination in each group. Additionally, to study the acclimation in relationship to the different seed coat colors on the germination ability and seedling performances under the cold temperatures, we measured the chlorophyll content, ROS scavenging activity, and expression levels of genes involved in ROS scavenging, flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, and cold response in seedlings. RESULTS: The results of seed color segregation between yellow and deep purple suggested a two-gene model. In the germination study, normal environmental conditions induced the germination of yellow-seed, while under chilling conditions, the germination ratio of deep purple-seed was higher than that of yellow-colored seeds. We also found that the darker seed coat colors were highly responsive to cold acclimation based on the ROS scavenging enzymes activity and gene expression of ROS scavenging enzymes, flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and cold responsive genes. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that deep purple colored seed might be in a state of innate pre-acquired stress response state under normal conditions to counteract stresses in a more effective way. Whereas, after the acclimation, another stress should enhance the cold genes expression response, which might result in a more efficient chilling stress response in deep purple seed seedlings. Low temperature has a large impact on the yield of crops. Thus, understanding the benefit of seed coat color response to chilling stress and the identification of limiting factors are useful for developing breeding strategies in order to improve the yield of wheat under chilling stress.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Seed color segregation between yellow and deep purple wheat suggested a two-gene model.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- seed color segregation between yellow and deep purplee1
- Qualifier
- two-gene modele1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results of seed color segregation between yellow and deep purple suggested a two-gene model”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Normal environmental conditions induced germination of yellow-seeded wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- yellow-seede1
- Treatment
- normal environmental conditionse1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“normal environmental conditions induced the germination of yellow-seed”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under chilling conditions the germination ratio of deep purple wheat seeds was higher than that of yellow seeds.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- deep purple-seede1
- Treatment
- chilling conditionse1
- Outcome
- germination ratioe1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- yellow-colored seedse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“under chilling conditions, the germination ratio of deep purple-seed was higher than that of yellow-colored seeds”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Darker seed coat colors were highly responsive to cold acclimation in ROS scavenging enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- darker seed coat colorse1
- Treatment
- cold acclimatione1
- Outcome
- ROS scavenging enzymes activitye1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the darker seed coat colors were highly responsive to cold acclimation based on the ROS scavenging enzymes activity and gene expression of ROS scavenging enzymes, flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and cold responsive genes”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Darker seed coat colors were highly responsive to cold acclimation in expression of ROS scavenging, flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and cold responsive genes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- darker seed coat colorse1
- Treatment
- cold acclimatione1
- Outcome
- gene expression of ROS scavenging enzymes, flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and cold responsive genese1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the darker seed coat colors were highly responsive to cold acclimation based on the ROS scavenging enzymes activity and gene expression of ROS scavenging enzymes, flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and cold responsive genes”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that deep purple colored seed might be in an innate pre-acquired stress response state under normal conditions.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- deep purple colored seede1
- Outcome
- innate pre-acquired stress response statee1
- Qualifier
- under normal conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“deep purple colored seed might be in a state of innate pre-acquired stress response state under normal conditions”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that after acclimation another stress should enhance the cold gene expression response, possibly giving a more efficient chilling response in deep purple seed seedlings.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- deep purple seed seedlingse1
- Treatment
- acclimatione1
- Outcome
- cold genes expression responsee1
- Direction
- enhancee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“after the acclimation, another stress should enhance the cold genes expression response, which might result in a more efficient chilling stress response in deep purple seed seedlings”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
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