Abstract
Abstract Soil water and nutrient status are two of the most important factors for plant development and crop yield. Vermicompost and biochar are supposed to amend soil attributes and increase the productivity. However, little is known about their mixture application on soil quality and nutrient uptake under natural conditions. The aim of this investigation was to understand the impact of soil amendments (control, vermicompost, biochar, and vermicompost + biochar) on yield, soil quality, physiological and biochemical attributes, as well as nutrient uptake of wheat plants grown at different irrigation water treatments (50%, 75%, and 100% of field capacity [FC]) in saline sodic soil. Vermicompost improved wheat growth and yield. Biochar‐treated plants had higher growth performance and yield than control plants in all traits and than vermicompost in some cases, thus confirming its potential for enhancing soil quality and increasing nutrient uptake, which stimulates soil chemical properties. When vermicompost was added in combination with biochar, further enhancement in the growth and yield was recorded, highlighting the beneficial effect of vermicompost on plant yield. Vermicompost–biochar mixture application followed by biochar as a singular application caused significant improvements in relative water content, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, cytotoxicity, leaf K + content with respect to nutrient uptake (N, P, and K), while reducing oxidative stress (i.e., activities of catalase [CAT] and ascorbate peroxidase [APX], and expression levels of CAT , APX , and Mn‐SOD genes), leaf Na + content, and proline content. This resulted in increases in yield‐related traits and productivity owing to the enhancement in soil chemical characteristics and soil moisture content. Grain yield and nutrient uptake attained the highest values at 75% FC in wheat plants treated by the combination of vermicompost and biochar. In summary, this investigation revealed that the synergistic effect of vermicompost and biochar can not only enhance crop production but also eliminates the detrimental effects of soil salinity and water stress.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost improved wheat growth and yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- growth and yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vermicompost improved wheat growth and yield.”
t0“wheat plants”
t1“Vermicompost–biochar mixture application followed by biochar as a singular application caused significant improvements”
e1“while reducing oxidative stress (i.e., activities of catalase [CAT] and ascorbate peroxidase [APX], and expression levels of CAT , APX , and Mn‐SOD genes)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar produced higher wheat growth and yield than control treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Biochare0
- Outcome
- growth performance and yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar‐treated plants had higher growth performance and yield than control plants in all traits and than vermicompost in some cases”
t0“wheat plants”
t1“Vermicompost–biochar mixture application followed by biochar as a singular application caused significant improvements”
e1“while reducing oxidative stress (i.e., activities of catalase [CAT] and ascorbate peroxidase [APX], and expression levels of CAT , APX , and Mn‐SOD genes)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar exceeded vermicompost for some wheat growth and yield traits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Biochare0
- Outcome
- growth performance and yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- in some casese0
- Comparator
- vermicomposte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar‐treated plants had higher growth performance and yield than control plants in all traits and than vermicompost in some cases”
t0“wheat plants”
t1“Vermicompost–biochar mixture application followed by biochar as a singular application caused significant improvements”
e1“while reducing oxidative stress (i.e., activities of catalase [CAT] and ascorbate peroxidase [APX], and expression levels of CAT , APX , and Mn‐SOD genes)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining vermicompost with biochar further improved wheat growth and yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- vermicompost was added in combination with biochare0
- Outcome
- growth and yielde0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When vermicompost was added in combination with biochar, further enhancement in the growth and yield was recorded”
t0“wheat plants”
t1“Vermicompost–biochar mixture application followed by biochar as a singular application caused significant improvements”
e1“while reducing oxidative stress (i.e., activities of catalase [CAT] and ascorbate peroxidase [APX], and expression levels of CAT , APX , and Mn‐SOD genes)”
Claim · model-written summary
The vermicompost–biochar mixture improved wheat relative water content, chlorophyll and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Vermicompost–biochar mixture applicatione0
- Outcome
- relative water content, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- improvementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vermicompost–biochar mixture application followed by biochar as a singular application caused significant improvements in relative water content, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance”
t0“wheat plants”
t1“Vermicompost–biochar mixture application followed by biochar as a singular application caused significant improvements”
e1“while reducing oxidative stress (i.e., activities of catalase [CAT] and ascorbate peroxidase [APX], and expression levels of CAT , APX , and Mn‐SOD genes)”
Claim · model-written summary
The vermicompost–biochar mixture improved wheat leaf K and nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Vermicompost–biochar mixture applicationt1
- Outcome
- leaf K + content with respect to nutrient uptake (N, P, and K)e0
- Direction
- improvementst1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf K + content with respect to nutrient uptake (N, P, and K)”
t0“wheat plants”
t1“Vermicompost–biochar mixture application followed by biochar as a singular application caused significant improvements”
e1“while reducing oxidative stress (i.e., activities of catalase [CAT] and ascorbate peroxidase [APX], and expression levels of CAT , APX , and Mn‐SOD genes)”
Claim · model-written summary
The vermicompost–biochar mixture reduced wheat oxidative stress indicators.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Vermicompost–biochar mixture applicationt1
- Gene
- CAT , APX , and Mn‐SOD genese0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while reducing oxidative stress (i.e., activities of catalase [CAT] and ascorbate peroxidase [APX], and expression levels of CAT , APX , and Mn‐SOD genes)”
t0“wheat plants”
t1“Vermicompost–biochar mixture application followed by biochar as a singular application caused significant improvements”
e1“while reducing oxidative stress (i.e., activities of catalase [CAT] and ascorbate peroxidase [APX], and expression levels of CAT , APX , and Mn‐SOD genes)”
Claim · model-written summary
The vermicompost–biochar mixture reduced wheat leaf sodium and proline content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Vermicompost–biochar mixture applicationt1
- Outcome
- leaf Na + content, and proline contente0
- Direction
- reducinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf Na + content, and proline content.”
t0“wheat plants”
t1“Vermicompost–biochar mixture application followed by biochar as a singular application caused significant improvements”
e1“while reducing oxidative stress (i.e., activities of catalase [CAT] and ascorbate peroxidase [APX], and expression levels of CAT , APX , and Mn‐SOD genes)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 75% field capacity, combined vermicompost and biochar gave the highest wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combination of vermicompost and biochare0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 75% FCe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield and nutrient uptake attained the highest values at 75% FC in wheat plants treated by the combination of vermicompost and biochar.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 75% field capacity, combined vermicompost and biochar gave the highest wheat nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combination of vermicompost and biochare0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 75% FCe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield and nutrient uptake attained the highest values at 75% FC in wheat plants treated by the combination of vermicompost and biochar.”
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