Abstract
Plant growth and crop productivity under unfavorable environmental challenges require a unique strategy to scavenge the severely negative impacts of these challenges such as soil salinity and water stress. Compost and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have many beneficial impacts, particularly in plants exposed to different types of stress. Therefore, a field experiment during two successive seasons was conducted to investigate the impact of compost and PGPR either separately or in a combination on exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), soil enzymes (urease and dehydrogenase), wheat physiology, antioxidant defense system, growth, and productivity under deficient irrigation and soil salinity conditions. Our findings showed that exposure of wheat plants to deficit irrigation in salt-affected soil inhibited wheat growth and development, and eventually reduced crop productivity. However, these injurious impacts were diminished after soil amendment using the combined application of compost and PGPR. This combined application enhanced soil urease and dehydrogenase, ion selectivity, chlorophylls, carotenoids, stomatal conductance, and the relative water content (RWC) whilst reducing ESP, proline content, which eventually increased the yield-related traits of wheat plants under deficient irrigation conditions. Moreover, the coupled application of compost and PGPR reduced the uptake of Na and resulted in an increment in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) activities that lessened oxidative damage and improved the nutrient uptake (N, P, and K) of deficiently irrigated wheat plants under soil salinity. It was concluded that to protect wheat plants from environmental stressors, such as water stress and soil salinity, co-application of compost with PGPR was found to be effective.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation in salt-affected soil inhibited wheat growth and development.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- deficit irrigation in salt-affected soile0
- Outcome
- wheat growth and developmente0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposure of wheat plants to deficit irrigation in salt-affected soil inhibited wheat growth and development, and eventually reduced crop productivity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation in salt-affected soil reduced wheat productivity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigation in salt-affected soile0
- Outcome
- crop productivitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposure of wheat plants to deficit irrigation in salt-affected soil inhibited wheat growth and development, and eventually reduced crop productivity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined compost and PGPR enhanced soil urease and dehydrogenase.
- Treatment
- combined application of compost and PGPRe0
- Outcome
- soil urease and dehydrogenasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“soil amendment using the combined application of compost and PGPR. This combined application enhanced soil urease and dehydrogenase”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined compost and PGPR enhanced wheat ion selectivity, chlorophylls and carotenoids under deficient irrigation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined application of compost and PGPRe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- ion selectivity, chlorophylls, carotenoidse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- under deficient irrigation conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of compost and PGPR. This combined application enhanced soil urease and dehydrogenase, ion selectivity, chlorophylls, carotenoids, stomatal conductance, and the relative water content (RWC) whilst reducing ESP, proline content, which eventually increased the yield-related traits of wheat plants under deficient irrigation conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined compost and PGPR enhanced wheat stomatal conductance and relative water content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined application of compost and PGPRe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance, and the relative water contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of compost and PGPR. This combined application enhanced soil urease and dehydrogenase, ion selectivity, chlorophylls, carotenoids, stomatal conductance, and the relative water content (RWC) whilst reducing ESP, proline content, which eventually increased the yield-related traits of wheat plants under deficient irrigation conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined compost and PGPR reduced soil ESP.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“combined application of compost and PGPR”
e1“whilst reducing ESP, proline content”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined compost and PGPR reduced wheat proline content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of compost and PGPRe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- proline contente1
- Direction
- reducinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of compost and PGPR”
e1“whilst reducing ESP, proline content, which eventually increased the yield-related traits of wheat plants under deficient irrigation conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined compost and PGPR increased wheat yield-related traits under deficient irrigation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of compost and PGPRe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- yield-related traitse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of compost and PGPR”
e1“increased the yield-related traits of wheat plants under deficient irrigation conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Coupled compost and PGPR reduced wheat Na uptake under salinity and deficient irrigation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- coupled application of compost and PGPRe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- uptake of Nae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- deficiently irrigated wheat plants under soil salinitye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the coupled application of compost and PGPR reduced the uptake of Na”
e1“deficiently irrigated wheat plants under soil salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Coupled compost and PGPR increased wheat SOD, CAT and POX activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- coupled application of compost and PGPRe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) activitiese0
- Direction
- incremente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the coupled application of compost and PGPR reduced the uptake of Na and resulted in an increment in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) activities that lessened oxidative damage and improved the nutrient uptake (N, P, and K) of deficiently irrigated wheat plants under soil salinity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Coupled compost and PGPR lessened wheat oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- coupled application of compost and PGPRe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee1
- Direction
- lessenede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“coupled application of compost and PGPR”
e1“lessened oxidative damage and improved the nutrient uptake (N, P, and K) of deficiently irrigated wheat plants under soil salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Coupled compost and PGPR improved wheat N, P and K uptake.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- coupled application of compost and PGPRe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake (N, P, and K)e1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“coupled application of compost and PGPR”
e1“improved the nutrient uptake (N, P, and K) of deficiently irrigated wheat plants under soil salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend compost with PGPR to protect wheat from water stress and soil salinity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- co-application of compost with PGPRe0
- Qualifier
- water stress and soil salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to protect wheat plants from environmental stressors, such as water stress and soil salinity, co-application of compost with PGPR was found to be effective.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.