Abstract
Drought stress is the prime obstacle for worldwide agricultural production and necessitates innovative strategies for enhancing crop resilience. This study explores the efficacy of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and biochar (BC) as sustainable amendments for mitigating the effects of drought on wheat growth. Multiple experiments were carried out on isolated strains to assess their drought tolerance potential and multiple plant growth-promoting attributes. Experiments in the laboratory and natural environment were conducted to assess the impact of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, biochar, and their synergistic application on various growth parameters of wheat. The results revealed that the drought-tolerant PGPR strains (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus tequilensis), alongside biochar (rice husk), alleviated the phytotoxic impact of drought by increasing the root length from 17.0% to 70.0% and shoot length from 30.0% to 82.0% as compared to un-inoculated stressed controls. The total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the plants were substantially increased to 477% and 423%, respectively, when biochar and PGPR were applied synergistically. Significant enhancements in membrane stability index, relative water content, proline, and sugar level were achieved by combining biochar and bacterial strains, resulting in increases of 19.5%, 37.9%, 219%, and 300%, respectively. The yield of wheat in terms of plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, and number of grains per spike was enhanced from 26.7% to 44.6%, 23.5% to 62.7%, 91.5% to 154%, and 137% to 182%, respectively. It was concluded that the biochar-based application of PGPR induced drought tolerance in wheat under water deficit conditions, ultimately improving the production and yield of wheat.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR strains with rice-husk biochar increased wheat root length by 17.0% to 70.0% versus uninoculated stressed controls.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- PGPR strains (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus tequilensis), alongside biochar (rice husk)e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0symbiont - Second interactor
- Bacillus tequilensisBacillus tequilensise0symbiont
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 17.0% to 70.0%e0
- Comparator
- un-inoculated stressed controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that the drought-tolerant PGPR strains (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus tequilensis), alongside biochar (rice husk), alleviated the phytotoxic impact of drought by increasing the root length from 17.0% to 70.0% and shoot length from 30.0% to 82.0% as compared to un-inoculated stressed controls”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR strains with rice-husk biochar increased wheat shoot length by 30.0% to 82.0% versus uninoculated stressed controls.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PGPR strains (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus tequilensis), alongside biochar (rice husk)e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus tequilensisBacillus tequilensise0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 30.0% to 82.0%e0
- Comparator
- un-inoculated stressed controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that the drought-tolerant PGPR strains (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus tequilensis), alongside biochar (rice husk), alleviated the phytotoxic impact of drought by increasing the root length from 17.0% to 70.0% and shoot length from 30.0% to 82.0% as compared to un-inoculated stressed controls”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and PGPR increased total chlorophyll content to 477%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- biochar and PGPRe0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 477%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the plants were substantially increased to 477% and 423%, respectively, when biochar and PGPR were applied synergistically”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and PGPR increased carotenoid content to 423%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- biochar and PGPRe0
- Outcome
- carotenoid contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 423%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the plants were substantially increased to 477% and 423%, respectively, when biochar and PGPR were applied synergistically”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and bacteria increased membrane stability index by 19.5%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combining biochar and bacterial strainse0
- Outcome
- membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- enhancementse0
- Value
- 19.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant enhancements in membrane stability index, relative water content, proline, and sugar level were achieved by combining biochar and bacterial strains, resulting in increases of 19.5%, 37.9%, 219%, and 300%, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and bacteria increased relative water content by 37.9%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combining biochar and bacterial strainse0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- enhancementse0
- Value
- 37.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant enhancements in membrane stability index, relative water content, proline, and sugar level were achieved by combining biochar and bacterial strains, resulting in increases of 19.5%, 37.9%, 219%, and 300%, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and bacteria increased proline by 219%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combining biochar and bacterial strainse0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- enhancementse0
- Value
- 219%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant enhancements in membrane stability index, relative water content, proline, and sugar level were achieved by combining biochar and bacterial strains, resulting in increases of 19.5%, 37.9%, 219%, and 300%, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and bacteria increased sugar level by 300%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combining biochar and bacterial strainse0
- Outcome
- sugar levele0
- Direction
- enhancementse0
- Value
- 300%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant enhancements in membrane stability index, relative water content, proline, and sugar level were achieved by combining biochar and bacterial strains, resulting in increases of 19.5%, 37.9%, 219%, and 300%, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment increased wheat plant height by 26.7% to 44.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- biochar-based application of PGPRe1
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 26.7% to 44.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of wheat in terms of plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, and number of grains per spike was enhanced from 26.7% to 44.6%, 23.5% to 62.7%, 91.5% to 154%, and 137% to 182%, respectively”
e1“the biochar-based application of PGPR induced drought tolerance in wheat under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment increased wheat spike length by 23.5% to 62.7%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- biochar-based application of PGPRe1
- Outcome
- spike lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 23.5% to 62.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of wheat in terms of plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, and number of grains per spike was enhanced from 26.7% to 44.6%, 23.5% to 62.7%, 91.5% to 154%, and 137% to 182%, respectively”
e1“the biochar-based application of PGPR induced drought tolerance in wheat under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment increased wheat spikelets per spike by 91.5% to 154%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- biochar-based application of PGPRe1
- Outcome
- number of spikelets per spikee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 91.5% to 154%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of wheat in terms of plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, and number of grains per spike was enhanced from 26.7% to 44.6%, 23.5% to 62.7%, 91.5% to 154%, and 137% to 182%, respectively”
e1“the biochar-based application of PGPR induced drought tolerance in wheat under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment increased wheat grains per spike by 137% to 182%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- biochar-based application of PGPRe1
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 137% to 182%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of wheat in terms of plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, and number of grains per spike was enhanced from 26.7% to 44.6%, 23.5% to 62.7%, 91.5% to 154%, and 137% to 182%, respectively”
e1“the biochar-based application of PGPR induced drought tolerance in wheat under water deficit conditions”
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See all 35 papers →8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.