Abstract
This research was designed to elucidate the role of exopolysaccharides (EPS) producing bacterial strains for the amelioration of drought stress in wheat. Bacterial strains were isolated from a farmer’s field in the arid region of Pakistan. Out of 24 isolated stains, two bacterial strains, Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977) were selected, based on their ability to produce EPS and withstand drought stress. Both bacterial strains produced a good amount of EPS and osmolytes and exhibited drought tolerance individually, however, a combination of these strains produced higher amounts of EPS (sugar 6976 µg/g, 731.5 µg/g protein, and 1.1 mg/g uronic acid) and osmolytes (proline 4.4 µg/mg and sugar 79 µg/mg) and significantly changed the level of stress-induced phytohormones (61%, 49% and 30% decrease in Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), Gibberellic Acid (GA), and Cytokinin (CK)) respectively under stress, but an increase of 27.3% in Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration was observed. When inoculated, the combination of these strains improved seed germination, seedling vigor index, and promptness index by 18.2%, 23.7%, and 61.5% respectively under osmotic stress (20% polyethylene glycol, PEG6000). They also promoted plant growth in a pot experiment with an increase of 42.9%, 29.8%, and 33.7% in shoot length, root length, and leaf area, respectively. Physiological attributes of plants were also improved by bacterial inoculation showing an increase of 39.8%, 61.5%, and 45% in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content respectively, as compared to control. Inoculations of bacterial strains also increased the production of osmolytes such asproline, amino acid, sugar, and protein by 30%, 23%, 68%, and 21.7% respectively. Co-inoculation of these strains enhanced the production of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 35.1%, catalase (CAT) by 77.4%, and peroxidase (POD) by 40.7%. Findings of the present research demonstrated that EPS, osmolyte, stress hormones, and antioxidant enzyme-producing bacterial strains impart drought tolerance in wheat and improve its growth, morphological attributes, physiological parameters, osmolytes production, and increase antioxidant enzymes.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat seed germination by 18.2%.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilise1symbiont - Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilense
Azospirillum brasilensee1symbiont - Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 18.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved seed germination, seedling vigor index, and promptness index by 18.2%, 23.7%, and 61.5% respectively under osmotic stress (20% polyethylene glycol, PEG6000)”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat seedling vigor index by 23.7%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- seedling vigor indexe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 23.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved seed germination, seedling vigor index, and promptness index by 18.2%, 23.7%, and 61.5% respectively under osmotic stress (20% polyethylene glycol, PEG6000)”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat promptness index by 61.5%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- promptness indexe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 61.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved seed germination, seedling vigor index, and promptness index by 18.2%, 23.7%, and 61.5% respectively under osmotic stress (20% polyethylene glycol, PEG6000)”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat shoot length by 42.9%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 42.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase of 42.9%, 29.8%, and 33.7% in shoot length, root length, and leaf area, respectively”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat root length by 29.8%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 29.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase of 42.9%, 29.8%, and 33.7% in shoot length, root length, and leaf area, respectively”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat leaf area by 33.7%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 33.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase of 42.9%, 29.8%, and 33.7% in shoot length, root length, and leaf area, respectively”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat chlorophyll a by 39.8%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 39.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase of 39.8%, 61.5%, and 45% in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content respectively, as compared to control”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat chlorophyll b by 61.5%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 61.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase of 39.8%, 61.5%, and 45% in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content respectively, as compared to control”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat carotenoid content by 45%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- carotenoid contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 45%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase of 39.8%, 61.5%, and 45% in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content respectively, as compared to control”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat proline by 30%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the production of osmolytes such asproline, amino acid, sugar, and protein by 30%, 23%, 68%, and 21.7% respectively”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat amino acid by 23%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- amino acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 23%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the production of osmolytes such asproline, amino acid, sugar, and protein by 30%, 23%, 68%, and 21.7% respectively”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat sugar by 68%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 68%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the production of osmolytes such asproline, amino acid, sugar, and protein by 30%, 23%, 68%, and 21.7% respectively”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat protein by 21.7%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the production of osmolytes such asproline, amino acid, sugar, and protein by 30%, 23%, 68%, and 21.7% respectively”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 35.1%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 35.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the production of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 35.1%, catalase (CAT) by 77.4%, and peroxidase (POD) by 40.7%”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat catalase (CAT) by 77.4%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 77.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the production of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 35.1%, catalase (CAT) by 77.4%, and peroxidase (POD) by 40.7%”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased wheat peroxidase (POD) by 40.7%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilise1
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 40.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the production of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 35.1%, catalase (CAT) by 77.4%, and peroxidase (POD) by 40.7%”
e1“Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977)”
t0“Wheat”
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See all 39 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.