Abstract
AIMS: The aim of this study was to identify the best combination of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for biofortification and enhancing yield in wheat as well as improve soil health under field conditions. Another aim was to get insights into metabolite dynamics in plants treated with PGPB and AMF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Different combinations of PGPB and AMF that gave good results in greenhouse study were used in a field study. The combined application of Bacillus subtilis CP4 (native PGPB) and AMF gave the best results with a significant increase in biomass, macronutrient and micronutrient content in wheat grains and improvement in yield-related parameters relative to the untreated control. PGPB and AMF treatment increased antioxidant enzymes and compounds and decreased the level of an oxidation marker. Metabolite profiling performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) showed significant upregulation of specific organic acids, amino acids, sugars and sugar alcohols in plants treated with CP4 and AMF. The altered pathways due to CP4 and AMF inoculation mainly belong to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. A positive correlation was observed between some organic acids, sugars and amino acids with wheat growth and yield parameters. The activities of soil enzymes increased significantly with the best results shown by native PGPB and AMF combination. CONCLUSIONS: A native bacterial isolate Bacillus subtilis CP4 in combination with AMF showed exceptional ability for biofortification and yield enhancement under field conditions. The upregulation of a number of metabolites showed correlation plant growth promotion and nutrients. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The combined application of native B. subtilis CP4 and AMF could offer a more sustainable approach for the development of a biofertilizer to enhance wheat nutrient content and production and soil health thereby advancing agriculture.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Bacillus subtilis CP4 and AMF increased wheat biomass relative to untreated control.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- combined application of Bacillus subtilis CP4 (native PGPB) and AMFe0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis CP4
Bacillus subtilise0symbiont - Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of Bacillus subtilis CP4 (native PGPB) and AMF gave the best results with a significant increase in biomass, macronutrient and micronutrient content in wheat grains and improvement in yield-related parameters relative to the untreated control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Bacillus subtilis CP4 and AMF increased wheat macronutrient relative to untreated control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined application of Bacillus subtilis CP4 (native PGPB) and AMFe0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis CP4Bacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- macronutriente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of Bacillus subtilis CP4 (native PGPB) and AMF gave the best results with a significant increase in biomass, macronutrient and micronutrient content in wheat grains and improvement in yield-related parameters relative to the untreated control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Bacillus subtilis CP4 and AMF increased wheat micronutrient content relative to untreated control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined application of Bacillus subtilis CP4 (native PGPB) and AMFe0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis CP4Bacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- micronutrient contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of Bacillus subtilis CP4 (native PGPB) and AMF gave the best results with a significant increase in biomass, macronutrient and micronutrient content in wheat grains and improvement in yield-related parameters relative to the untreated control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Bacillus subtilis CP4 and AMF increased wheat yield-related parameters relative to untreated control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined application of Bacillus subtilis CP4 (native PGPB) and AMFe0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis CP4Bacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- yield-related parameterse0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of Bacillus subtilis CP4 (native PGPB) and AMF gave the best results with a significant increase in biomass, macronutrient and micronutrient content in wheat grains and improvement in yield-related parameters relative to the untreated control.”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPB and AMF increased antioxidant enzymes and compounds.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PGPB and AMF treatmente0
- Interactor
- PGPBe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymes and compoundse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPB and AMF treatment increased antioxidant enzymes and compounds and decreased the level of an oxidation marker.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPB and AMF decreased the oxidation marker level.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PGPB and AMF treatmente0
- Interactor
- PGPBe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- level of an oxidation markere0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPB and AMF treatment increased antioxidant enzymes and compounds and decreased the level of an oxidation marker.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CP4 and AMF treatment upregulated wheat organic acids.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CP4 and AMFe0
- Interactor
- CP4e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- organic acidse0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metabolite profiling performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) showed significant upregulation of specific organic acids, amino acids, sugars and sugar alcohols in plants treated with CP4 and AMF.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CP4 and AMF treatment upregulated wheat amino acids.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CP4 and AMFe0
- Interactor
- CP4e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- amino acidse0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metabolite profiling performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) showed significant upregulation of specific organic acids, amino acids, sugars and sugar alcohols in plants treated with CP4 and AMF.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CP4 and AMF treatment upregulated wheat sugars and sugar alcohols.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CP4 and AMFe0
- Interactor
- CP4e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- sugars and sugar alcoholse0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metabolite profiling performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) showed significant upregulation of specific organic acids, amino acids, sugars and sugar alcohols in plants treated with CP4 and AMF.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CP4 and AMF inoculation altered carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism pathways.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CP4 and AMF inoculatione0
- Outcome
- carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The altered pathways due to CP4 and AMF inoculation mainly belong to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Some organic acids, sugars and amino acids correlated positively with wheat growth and yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Compound
- organic acids, sugars and amino acidse0
- Outcome
- wheat growth and yield parameterse0
- Direction
- positive correlatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A positive correlation was observed between some organic acids, sugars and amino acids with wheat growth and yield parameters.”
Claim · model-written summary
The native PGPB and AMF combination significantly increased soil enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- native PGPB and AMF combinatione0
- Interactor
- PGPBe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- activities of soil enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activities of soil enzymes increased significantly with the best results shown by native PGPB and AMF combination.”
t0“wheat”
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See all 42 papers →8 of 18 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.