Abstract
Salt stress in soils impacts grain crop yield. Soil amendment with biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal alone has been analyzed to improve the growth of several crops under salinity stress. However, the combined application of biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for the remediation of salinity and improvement of crop productivity in wheat are rarely discussed and have remained unclear. Therefore, this experiment was performed to investigate the effect with biochar (150 g biochar per each treated pot containing 3 kg soil) and/or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (20 g AMF inoculum containing 80% mycorrhizal roots, 100–160 spores, and extraradical hyphae per each treated pot) on the productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under four salt stress gradients; 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl. The results show salinity significantly reduced plant height (9.9% to 22.9%), shoot fresh weight (35.6% to 64.4%), enzymatic activities (34.1% to 39.3%), and photosynthetic pigments—i.e., total chlorophyll contents (75.0%) and carotenoids contents (56.2%) of plants—as compared with control. Under exclusive biochar application, the plants were moderately tolerant to salinity stress, which was evident in their growth, moderately reduced fatty acid content, partially impaired enzymatic activity, and photosynthetic pigments, while under the exclusive AMF application, the wheat plants were relatively sensitive to salinity stress, resulting in impaired growth rate, decreased unsaturated fatty acid composition, enzymatic activity, and photosynthetic pigments. Conversely, under the co-application of biochar and AMF, wheat plants partially increased plant height (14.1%), shoot fresh biomass (75.7%), root fresh biomass (24.9%), partially increased enzymatic activity (49.5%), and unimpaired photosynthetic pigments (30.2% to 54.8%) of wheat under salinity stress. Current findings concluded that exclusive incorporation of biochar, and the synergistic application of AMF and biochar, could be utilized as a promising way to reduce the deleterious effects of salinity stress in wheat production.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced plant height by 9.9% to 22.9%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 9.9% to 22.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity significantly reduced plant height (9.9% to 22.9%)”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced shoot fresh weight by 35.6% to 64.4%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35.6% to 64.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity significantly reduced plant height (9.9% to 22.9%), shoot fresh weight (35.6% to 64.4%)”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced enzymatic activity by 34.1% to 39.3%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- enzymatic activitiese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 34.1% to 39.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity significantly reduced plant height (9.9% to 22.9%), shoot fresh weight (35.6% to 64.4%), enzymatic activities (34.1% to 39.3%)”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced total chlorophyll by 75.0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 75.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity significantly reduced plant height (9.9% to 22.9%), shoot fresh weight (35.6% to 64.4%), enzymatic activities (34.1% to 39.3%), and photosynthetic pigments—i.e., total chlorophyll contents (75.0%)”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced carotenoids by 56.2%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- carotenoids contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 56.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity significantly reduced plant height (9.9% to 22.9%), shoot fresh weight (35.6% to 64.4%), enzymatic activities (34.1% to 39.3%), and photosynthetic pigments—i.e., total chlorophyll contents (75.0%) and carotenoids contents (56.2%)”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar alone gave moderate salt tolerance with reduced fatty acid content and impaired enzymes and pigments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exclusive biochar applicatione0
- Outcome
- moderately tolerant to salinity stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under exclusive biochar application, the plants were moderately tolerant to salinity stress, which was evident in their growth, moderately reduced fatty acid content, partially impaired enzymatic activity, and photosynthetic pigments”
t0“Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF alone left wheat relatively sensitive to salt, with impaired growth, unsaturated fatty acids, enzyme activity and pigments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- exclusive AMF applicatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- relatively sensitive to salinity stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under the exclusive AMF application, the wheat plants were relatively sensitive to salinity stress, resulting in impaired growth rate, decreased unsaturated fatty acid composition, enzymatic activity, and photosynthetic pigments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and AMF raised wheat height by 14.1%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- co-application of biochar and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under the co-application of biochar and AMF, wheat plants partially increased plant height (14.1%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and AMF raised shoot biomass by 75.7%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- co-application of biochar and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot fresh biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 75.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under the co-application of biochar and AMF, wheat plants partially increased plant height (14.1%), shoot fresh biomass (75.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and AMF raised root biomass by 24.9%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- co-application of biochar and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root fresh biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under the co-application of biochar and AMF, wheat plants partially increased plant height (14.1%), shoot fresh biomass (75.7%), root fresh biomass (24.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and AMF raised enzymatic activity by 49.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- co-application of biochar and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- enzymatic activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 49.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under the co-application of biochar and AMF, wheat plants partially increased plant height (14.1%), shoot fresh biomass (75.7%), root fresh biomass (24.9%), partially increased enzymatic activity (49.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and AMF maintained photosynthetic pigments at 30.2% to 54.8%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- co-application of biochar and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- unimpairede0
- Value
- 30.2% to 54.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under the co-application of biochar and AMF, wheat plants partially increased plant height (14.1%), shoot fresh biomass (75.7%), root fresh biomass (24.9%), partially increased enzymatic activity (49.5%), and unimpaired photosynthetic pigments (30.2% to 54.8%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest biochar alone or combined with AMF to reduce salinity harm in wheat production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- reduce the deleterious effects of salinity stress in wheat productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exclusive incorporation of biochar, and the synergistic application of AMF and biochar, could be utilized as a promising way to reduce the deleterious effects of salinity stress in wheat production.”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.