Abstract
Drought stress retards wheat plant’s vegetative growth and physiological processes and results in low productivity. A stressed plant synthesizes ethylene which inhibits root elongation; however, the enzyme 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) deaminase catabolizes ethylene produced under water stress. Therefore, the ACC deaminase producing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be used to enhance crop productivity under drought stress. Biochar (BC) is an organically active and potentially nutrient-rich amendment that, when applied to the soil, can increase pore volume, cation exchange capacity and nutrient retention and bioavailability. We conducted a field experiment to study the effect of drought tolerant, ACC deaminase producing PGPR (with and without timber waste BC) on plant growth and yield parameters under drought stress. Two PGPR strains, Agrobacterium fabrum or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were applied individually and in combination with 30 Mg ha−1 BC under three levels of irrigation, i.e., recommended four irrigations (4I), three irrigations (3I) and two irrigations (2I). Combined application of B. amyloliquefaciens and 30 Mg ha−1 BC under 3I, significantly increased growth and yield traits of wheat: grain yield (36%), straw yield (50%), biological yield (40%). The same soil application under 2I resulted in greater increases in several of the growth and yield traits: grain yield (77%), straw yield (75%), above- and below-ground biomasses (77%), as compared to control; however, no significant increases in chlorophyll a, b or total, and photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance in response to individual inoculation of a PGPR strain (without BC) were observed. Therefore, we suggest that the combined soil application of B. amyloliquefaciens and BC more effectively mitigates drought stress and improves wheat productivity as compared to any of the individual soil applications tested in this study.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with biochar under three irrigations increased wheat grain yield by 36% versus control.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- B. amyloliquefaciens and 30 Mg ha−1 BC under 3Ie0
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciens
.jpg?width=60)
Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0symbiont - Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 36%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Combined application of B. amyloliquefaciens and 30 Mg ha−1 BC under 3I, significantly increased growth and yield traits of wheat: grain yield (36%), straw yield (50%), biological yield (40%).”
e1“as compared to control”
e2“Bacillus amyloliquefaciens”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment under 3I increased wheat straw yield by 50%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- B. amyloliquefaciens and 30 Mg ha−1 BC under 3Ie0
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciensBacillus amyloliquefaciense0symbiont
- Outcome
- straw yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined application of B. amyloliquefaciens and 30 Mg ha−1 BC under 3I, significantly increased growth and yield traits of wheat: grain yield (36%), straw yield (50%), biological yield (40%).”
e1“as compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment under 3I increased wheat biological yield by 40%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- B. amyloliquefaciens and 30 Mg ha−1 BC under 3Ie0
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciensBacillus amyloliquefaciense0symbiont
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined application of B. amyloliquefaciens and 30 Mg ha−1 BC under 3I, significantly increased growth and yield traits of wheat: grain yield (36%), straw yield (50%), biological yield (40%).”
e1“as compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment under 2I increased wheat grain yield by 77% versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- B. amyloliquefaciens and 30 Mg ha−1 BCe1
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciensBacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- greater increasese0
- Value
- 77%e0
- Qualifier
- under 2Ie0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The same soil application under 2I resulted in greater increases in several of the growth and yield traits: grain yield (77%), straw yield (75%), above- and below-ground biomasses (77%), as compared to control”
e1“Combined application of B. amyloliquefaciens and 30 Mg ha−1 BC under 3I”
e2“yield traits of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment under 2I increased wheat straw yield by 75% versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- B. amyloliquefaciens and 30 Mg ha−1 BCe1
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciensBacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Outcome
- straw yielde0
- Direction
- greater increasese0
- Value
- 75%e0
- Qualifier
- under 2Ie0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The same soil application under 2I resulted in greater increases in several of the growth and yield traits: grain yield (77%), straw yield (75%), above- and below-ground biomasses (77%), as compared to control”
e1“Combined application of B. amyloliquefaciens and 30 Mg ha−1 BC under 3I”
e2“yield traits of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment under 2I increased above- and below-ground wheat biomasses by 77% versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- B. amyloliquefaciens and 30 Mg ha−1 BCe1
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciensBacillus amyloliquefaciense1symbiont
- Outcome
- above- and below-ground biomassese0
- Direction
- greater increasese0
- Value
- 77%e0
- Qualifier
- under 2Ie0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The same soil application under 2I resulted in greater increases in several of the growth and yield traits: grain yield (77%), straw yield (75%), above- and below-ground biomasses (77%), as compared to control”
e1“Combined application of B. amyloliquefaciens and 30 Mg ha−1 BC under 3I”
e2“yield traits of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual PGPR inoculation without biochar did not significantly increase wheat chlorophyll a, b or total.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- individual inoculation of a PGPR strain (without BC)e0
- Interactor
- PGPR straine0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, b or totale0
- Direction
- no significant increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant increases in chlorophyll a, b or total, and photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance in response to individual inoculation of a PGPR strain (without BC) were observed.”
e1“yield traits of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual PGPR inoculation without biochar did not significantly increase wheat photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- individual inoculation of a PGPR strain (without BC)e0
- Interactor
- PGPR straine0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- no significant increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant increases in chlorophyll a, b or total, and photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance in response to individual inoculation of a PGPR strain (without BC) were observed.”
e1“yield traits of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined B. amyloliquefaciens and biochar application to mitigate drought and improve wheat productivity relative to individual applications.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined soil application of B. amyloliquefaciens and BCe0
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciensBacillus amyloliquefaciense0symbiont
- Outcome
- mitigates drought stress and improves wheat productivitye0
- Comparator
- any of the individual soil applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we suggest that the combined soil application of B. amyloliquefaciens and BC more effectively mitigates drought stress and improves wheat productivity as compared to any of the individual soil applications tested in this study.”
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