Abstract
Zinc is an important micronutrient needed for the optimum growth and development of plants. Contrary to chemical zinc fertilizers, the use of zinc-solubilizing bacteria is an environmentally friendly option for zinc enrichment in edible parts of crops. This study was conducted with the objective of selecting potential zinc-solubilizing rhizobacteria from the rhizosphere of chickpea grown in soils of eastern Uttar Pradesh and further assessing their impact on the magnitude of zinc assimilation in wheat crops. Among 15 isolates, CRS-9, CRS-17, CRS-30, and CRS-38 produced net soluble zinc in broth to the tune of 6.1, 5.9, 5.63, and 5.6 μg ml –1 , respectively, in zinc phosphate with the corresponding pH of 4.48, 5.31, 5.2, and 4.76. However, the bacterial strains CRS-17, CRS-30, CRS-38, and CRS-9 showed maximum zinc phosphate solubilization efficiency of 427.79, 317.39, 253.57, and 237.04%, respectively. The four bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus glycinifermentans CRS-9, Microbacterium oxydans CRS-17, Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans CRS-30, and Bacillus tequilensis CRS-38 on the basis of morphological and biochemical studies and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacterial inoculants significantly colonized the roots of wheat plants and formed a biofilm in the root matrix. These strains significantly increased seed germination (%) and vigor indices in wheat grown under glasshouse conditions. After 30 days of sowing of wheat under microcosm conditions, eight zinc transporter ( TaZIP ) genes were expressed maximally in roots, with concomitant accumulation of higher zinc content in the bacterially treated plant compared to the absolute control. Out of the four strains tested, two bacteria, B. tequilensis CRS-38 and P. nicotinovorans CRS-30, improved seed germination (%), vigor indices (2–2.5 folds), plant biomass, grain yield (2.39 g plant –1 ), and biofortificated grains (54.25 μg g –1 Zn) of wheat. To the best of our knowledge, this may be the first report on the presence of zinc solubilization trait in B. glycinifermentans CRS-9, M. oxydans CRS-17, and P. nicotinovorans CRS-30.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Four isolates solubilized zinc in broth, with CRS-9 producing 6.1 μg ml –1.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Interactor
- CRS-9e0symbiont
- Outcome
- net soluble zinc in brothe0
- Value
- 6.1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRS-9, CRS-17, CRS-30, and CRS-38 produced net soluble zinc in broth to the tune of 6.1, 5.9, 5.63, and 5.6 μg ml –1”
t0“Wheat Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
CRS-17 produced 5.9 μg ml –1 soluble zinc.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- CRS-17e0symbiont
- Outcome
- net soluble zinc in brothe0
- Value
- 5.9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRS-9, CRS-17, CRS-30, and CRS-38 produced net soluble zinc in broth to the tune of 6.1, 5.9, 5.63, and 5.6 μg ml –1”
t0“Wheat Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
CRS-30 produced 5.63 μg ml –1 soluble zinc.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- CRS-30e0symbiont
- Outcome
- net soluble zinc in brothe0
- Value
- 5.63e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRS-9, CRS-17, CRS-30, and CRS-38 produced net soluble zinc in broth to the tune of 6.1, 5.9, 5.63, and 5.6 μg ml –1”
t0“Wheat Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
CRS-38 produced 5.6 μg ml –1 soluble zinc.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- CRS-38e0symbiont
- Outcome
- net soluble zinc in brothe0
- Value
- 5.6 μg ml –1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRS-9, CRS-17, CRS-30, and CRS-38 produced net soluble zinc in broth to the tune of 6.1, 5.9, 5.63, and 5.6 μg ml –1”
t0“Wheat Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
CRS-17 had zinc phosphate solubilization efficiency of 427.79%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- CRS-17e0symbiont
- Outcome
- zinc phosphate solubilization efficiencye0
- Value
- 427.79e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRS-17, CRS-30, CRS-38, and CRS-9 showed maximum zinc phosphate solubilization efficiency of 427.79, 317.39, 253.57, and 237.04%”
t0“Wheat Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
CRS-30 had zinc phosphate solubilization efficiency of 317.39%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- CRS-30e0symbiont
- Outcome
- zinc phosphate solubilization efficiencye0
- Value
- 317.39e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRS-17, CRS-30, CRS-38, and CRS-9 showed maximum zinc phosphate solubilization efficiency of 427.79, 317.39, 253.57, and 237.04%”
t0“Wheat Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
CRS-38 had zinc phosphate solubilization efficiency of 253.57%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- CRS-38e0symbiont
- Outcome
- zinc phosphate solubilization efficiencye0
- Value
- 253.57e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRS-17, CRS-30, CRS-38, and CRS-9 showed maximum zinc phosphate solubilization efficiency of 427.79, 317.39, 253.57, and 237.04%”
t0“Wheat Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
CRS-9 had zinc phosphate solubilization efficiency of 237.04%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- CRS-9e0symbiont
- Outcome
- zinc phosphate solubilization efficiencye0
- Value
- 237.04%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRS-17, CRS-30, CRS-38, and CRS-9 showed maximum zinc phosphate solubilization efficiency of 427.79, 317.39, 253.57, and 237.04%”
t0“Wheat Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Four isolates were identified as named bacterial species.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Bacillus glycinifermentans CRS-9, Microbacterium oxydans CRS-17, Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans CRS-30, and Bacillus tequilensis CRS-38e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus glycinifermentans CRS-9, Microbacterium oxydans CRS-17, Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans CRS-30, and Bacillus tequilensis CRS-38”
t0“Wheat Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculants colonized wheat roots and formed a biofilm.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- colonized the roots of wheat plants and formed a biofilme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacterial inoculants significantly colonized the roots of wheat plants and formed a biofilm in the root matrix”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial strains increased wheat seed germination and vigor under glasshouse conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- These strainse0
- Outcome
- seed germination (%) and vigor indicese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- absolute controle1
- Setting
- glasshouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These strains significantly increased seed germination (%) and vigor indices in wheat grown under glasshouse conditions”
e1“compared to the absolute control”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight TaZIP genes were expressed maximally in roots after 30 days.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Gene
- TaZIPe0
- Outcome
- zinc transporter ( TaZIP ) genes were expressed maximallye0
- Setting
- microcosm conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 30 days of sowing of wheat under microcosm conditions, eight zinc transporter ( TaZIP ) genes were expressed maximally in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterially treated wheat had higher zinc content than the absolute control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- bacterially treatede0
- Outcome
- zinc contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- absolute controle0
- Setting
- microcosm conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher zinc content in the bacterially treated plant compared to the absolute control”
e1“After 30 days of sowing of wheat under microcosm conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
B. tequilensis CRS-38 and P. nicotinovorans CRS-30 improved wheat germination and vigor.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- B. tequilensis CRS-38 and P. nicotinovorans CRS-30e0
- Interactor
- B. tequilensis CRS-38Bacillus tequilensise0symbiont
- Second interactor
- P. nicotinovorans CRS-30
Paenarthrobacter nicotinovoranse0symbiont - Outcome
- seed germination (%), vigor indicese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 2–2.5 foldse0
- Comparator
- absolute controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. tequilensis CRS-38 and P. nicotinovorans CRS-30, improved seed germination (%), vigor indices (2–2.5 folds), plant biomass, grain yield (2.39 g plant –1 ), and biofortificated grains (54.25 μg g –1 Zn) of wheat”
e1“compared to the absolute control”
Claim · model-written summary
The two strains improved wheat biomass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- B. tequilensis CRS-38 and P. nicotinovorans CRS-30e0
- Interactor
- B. tequilensis CRS-38Bacillus tequilensise0symbiont
- Second interactor
- P. nicotinovorans CRS-30Paenarthrobacter nicotinovoranse0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- absolute controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. tequilensis CRS-38 and P. nicotinovorans CRS-30, improved seed germination (%), vigor indices (2–2.5 folds), plant biomass, grain yield (2.39 g plant –1 ), and biofortificated grains (54.25 μg g –1 Zn) of wheat”
e1“compared to the absolute control”
Claim · model-written summary
The two strains improved grain yield to 2.39 g plant –1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- B. tequilensis CRS-38 and P. nicotinovorans CRS-30e0
- Interactor
- B. tequilensis CRS-38Bacillus tequilensise0symbiont
- Second interactor
- P. nicotinovorans CRS-30Paenarthrobacter nicotinovoranse0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 2.39 g plant –1e0
- Comparator
- absolute controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. tequilensis CRS-38 and P. nicotinovorans CRS-30, improved seed germination (%), vigor indices (2–2.5 folds), plant biomass, grain yield (2.39 g plant –1 ), and biofortificated grains (54.25 μg g –1 Zn) of wheat”
e1“compared to the absolute control”
Claim · model-written summary
The two strains increased wheat grain zinc to 54.25 μg g –1 Zn.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- B. tequilensis CRS-38 and P. nicotinovorans CRS-30e0
- Interactor
- B. tequilensis CRS-38Bacillus tequilensise0symbiont
- Second interactor
- P. nicotinovorans CRS-30Paenarthrobacter nicotinovoranse0symbiont
- Outcome
- biofortificated grainse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 54.25 μg g –1 Zne0
- Comparator
- absolute controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. tequilensis CRS-38 and P. nicotinovorans CRS-30, improved seed germination (%), vigor indices (2–2.5 folds), plant biomass, grain yield (2.39 g plant –1 ), and biofortificated grains (54.25 μg g –1 Zn) of wheat”
e1“compared to the absolute control”
The same questions in other papers
Bacillus tequilensis · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.