Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil adversely affects crop productivity, grain quality, and human health. Applications of boron (B) and biochar are known to impart tolerance to crops against abiotic stresses. A pot experiment was performed to assess the effects of the sole and combined application of B and biochar on growth, physiological and antioxidant defense mechanisms, yield, and grain quality of wheat under Cd toxicity-induced stress. The treatments included control (0 mg kg−1 and 0 g kg−1), only Cd (15 mg kg−1), only B (5 g kg−1), only biochar (50 g kg−1), B plus biochar, Cd plus B, Cd plus biochar, and Cd plus B plus biochar, which were applied at the time of sowing and were arranged using completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications. The individual Cd toxicity (15 mg kg−1) significantly reduced chl a, chl b, and chl a+b, as well as primary metabolites (soluble protein, amino acids, total soluble sugar, and phenolic contents), while it increased the activities of enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the leaves of wheat. In addition, Cd stress (15 mg kg−1) increased lipid peroxidation in the form of malondialdehyde (MDA), and it enhanced the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, electrolyte leakage (EL), and proline contents in the leaves. Furthermore, Cd (15 mg kg−1) contamination reduced the grain yield and yield-related attributes relative to respective no-Cd treatments. Soil-applied B and biochar improved wheat grain yield by triggering the activities of enzymatic antioxidants. Individual or combined B and biochar applications improved proline contents and reduced H2O2 and MDA contents in plants. The combined application of B and biochar enhanced soluble sugars and total phenolic as compared to the control and Cd-contaminated plants. In conclusion, the combined application of B and biochar was found to be the best soil amendment strategy to improve the yield of wheat under Cd-contaminated soil.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced wheat leaf chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Cd toxicity (15 mg kg−1)e0
- Outcome
- chl a, chl b, and chl a+be0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedOrgan / stageComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The individual Cd toxicity (15 mg kg−1) significantly reduced chl a, chl b, and chl a+b”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced soluble protein, amino acids and total soluble sugar in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cd toxicity (15 mg kg−1)e0
- Outcome
- soluble protein, amino acids, total soluble sugare0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The individual Cd toxicity (15 mg kg−1) significantly reduced chl a, chl b, and chl a+b, as well as primary metabolites (soluble protein, amino acids, total soluble sugar, and phenolic contents)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced wheat leaf phenolic contents.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cd toxicity (15 mg kg−1)e0
- Outcome
- phenolic contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The individual Cd toxicity (15 mg kg−1) significantly reduced chl a, chl b, and chl a+b, as well as primary metabolites (soluble protein, amino acids, total soluble sugar, and phenolic contents)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased wheat leaf SOD, POD and CAT activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Cadmiumt0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it increased the activities of enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the leaves of wheat”
t0“Cadmium”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased APX activity in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Cadmiumt0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it increased the activities of enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the leaves of wheat”
t0“Cadmium”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased malondialdehyde in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cd stress (15 mg kg−1)e0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress (15 mg kg−1) increased lipid peroxidation in the form of malondialdehyde (MDA)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium enhanced hydrogen peroxide and electrolyte leakage in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cadmiumt0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, electrolyte leakage (EL)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it enhanced the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, electrolyte leakage (EL), and proline contents in the leaves”
t0“Alleviation of Cadmium Stress in Wheat through the Combined Application of Boron and Biochar via Regulating Morpho-Physiological and Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium enhanced proline in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cadmiumt0
- Outcome
- proline contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it enhanced the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, electrolyte leakage (EL), and proline contents in the leaves”
t0“Alleviation of Cadmium Stress in Wheat through the Combined Application of Boron and Biochar via Regulating Morpho-Physiological and Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced grain yield and yield attributes versus no cadmium.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cd (15 mg kg−1) contaminatione0
- Outcome
- grain yield and yield-related attributese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- no-Cd treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd (15 mg kg−1) contamination reduced the grain yield and yield-related attributes relative to respective no-Cd treatments”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil boron improved wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Be0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil-applied B and biochar improved wheat grain yield by triggering the activities of enzymatic antioxidants”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil biochar improved wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil-applied B and biochar improved wheat grain yield by triggering the activities of enzymatic antioxidants”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron or biochar increased proline and reduced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B and biochar applicationse0
- Outcome
- proline contentse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Individual or combined B and biochar applications improved proline contents and reduced H2O2 and MDA contents in plants”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron and biochar applications reduced wheat H2O2 and MDA.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B and biochar applicationse0
- Outcome
- H2O2 and MDA contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Individual or combined B and biochar applications improved proline contents and reduced H2O2 and MDA contents in plants”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined boron and biochar raised soluble sugars and total phenolics versus controls and cadmium.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of B and biochare0
- Outcome
- soluble sugars and total phenolice0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- the control and Cd-contaminated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of B and biochar enhanced soluble sugars and total phenolic as compared to the control and Cd-contaminated plants”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined boron and biochar for wheat yield on cadmium contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- combined application of B and biochare0
- Qualifier
- under Cd-contaminated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined application of B and biochar was found to be the best soil amendment strategy to improve the yield of wheat under Cd-contaminated soil”
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See all 9 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.