Abstract
We investigated the influence of poly-glutamic acid (PGA) on ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) metabolism in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress. The results showed that Cd stress enhanced ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase activities, and increased AsA and GSH contents. Whereas Cd reduced AsA/dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and GSH/oxidised glutathione (GSSG) ratios and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage (EL). Meanwhile, Cd stress improved Cd accumulation and nonphotochemical quenching (qN) and decreased soil and plant analyser development (SPAD) value, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP), quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), wheat height and dry biomass. Compared to Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress reinforced AsA and GSH metabolism via the above enzymes and increased AsA and GSH contents and their redox status. PGA plus Cd stress also decreased MDA content and EL. Besides, PGA plus Cd stress decreased Cd accumulation and increased SPAD value, Pn, qN, Fv/Fm, qP, ΦPSII, wheat height and dry biomass. Moreover, PGA alone showed positive effects on the indicators mentioned above. Our results clearly indicated that PGA enhanced wheat Cd tolerance by preventing Cd uptake and enhancing AsA and GSH metabolism. Therefore, PGA can be applied to enhance wheat Cd tolerance in production.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress enhanced ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase activities in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductasee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“The results showed that Cd stress enhanced ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase activities, and increased AsA and GSH contents.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress enhanced glutathione reductase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase activities in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- glutathione reductase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenasee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“The results showed that Cd stress enhanced ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase activities, and increased AsA and GSH contents.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress increased AsA and GSH contents in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- AsA and GSH contentse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“The results showed that Cd stress enhanced ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase activities, and increased AsA and GSH contents.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd reduced the AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratios in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cde1
- Outcome
- AsA/dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and GSH/oxidised glutathione (GSSG) ratiose1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Whereas Cd reduced AsA/dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and GSH/oxidised glutathione (GSSG) ratios and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage (EL).”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd increased malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cde1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage (EL)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Whereas Cd reduced AsA/dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and GSH/oxidised glutathione (GSSG) ratios and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage (EL).”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress improved Cd accumulation in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- Cd accumulatione1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Meanwhile, Cd stress improved Cd accumulation and nonphotochemical quenching (qN) and decreased soil and plant analyser development (SPAD) value, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP), quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), wheat height and dry biomass.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress improved nonphotochemical quenching (qN) in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- nonphotochemical quenching (qN)e1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Meanwhile, Cd stress improved Cd accumulation and nonphotochemical quenching (qN) and decreased soil and plant analyser development (SPAD) value, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP), quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), wheat height and dry biomass.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress decreased SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- soil and plant analyser development (SPAD) value, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Meanwhile, Cd stress improved Cd accumulation and nonphotochemical quenching (qN) and decreased soil and plant analyser development (SPAD) value, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP), quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), wheat height and dry biomass.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress decreased photochemical quenching and quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- photochemical quenching (qP), quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Meanwhile, Cd stress improved Cd accumulation and nonphotochemical quenching (qN) and decreased soil and plant analyser development (SPAD) value, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP), quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), wheat height and dry biomass.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress decreased wheat height and dry biomass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- wheat height and dry biomasse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Meanwhile, Cd stress improved Cd accumulation and nonphotochemical quenching (qN) and decreased soil and plant analyser development (SPAD) value, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP), quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), wheat height and dry biomass.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress reinforced AsA and GSH metabolism in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- PGA plus Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- AsA and GSH metabolisme1
- Direction
- reinforcede1
- Comparator
- Cd alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Compared to Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress reinforced AsA and GSH metabolism via the above enzymes and increased AsA and GSH contents and their redox status.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress increased AsA and GSH contents and their redox status in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- PGA plus Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- AsA and GSH contents and their redox statuse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- Cd alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Compared to Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress reinforced AsA and GSH metabolism via the above enzymes and increased AsA and GSH contents and their redox status.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress decreased malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- PGA plus Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- MDA content and ELe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- Cd alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“PGA plus Cd stress also decreased MDA content and EL.”
e2“Compared to Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress reinforced AsA and GSH metabolism via the above enzymes and increased AsA and GSH contents and their redox status.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress decreased Cd accumulation in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- PGA plus Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- Cd accumulatione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- Cd alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Besides, PGA plus Cd stress decreased Cd accumulation and increased SPAD value, Pn, qN, Fv/Fm, qP, ΦPSII, wheat height and dry biomass.”
e2“Compared to Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress reinforced AsA and GSH metabolism via the above enzymes and increased AsA and GSH contents and their redox status.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress increased SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate and nonphotochemical quenching in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- PGA plus Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- SPAD value, Pn, qNe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- Cd alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Besides, PGA plus Cd stress decreased Cd accumulation and increased SPAD value, Pn, qN, Fv/Fm, qP, ΦPSII, wheat height and dry biomass.”
e2“Compared to Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress reinforced AsA and GSH metabolism via the above enzymes and increased AsA and GSH contents and their redox status.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress increased maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, photochemical quenching and quantum efficiency of PSII in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- PGA plus Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- Fv/Fm, qP, ΦPSIIe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- Cd alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Besides, PGA plus Cd stress decreased Cd accumulation and increased SPAD value, Pn, qN, Fv/Fm, qP, ΦPSII, wheat height and dry biomass.”
e2“Compared to Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress reinforced AsA and GSH metabolism via the above enzymes and increased AsA and GSH contents and their redox status.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress increased wheat height and dry biomass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- PGA plus Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- wheat height and dry biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- Cd alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Besides, PGA plus Cd stress decreased Cd accumulation and increased SPAD value, Pn, qN, Fv/Fm, qP, ΦPSII, wheat height and dry biomass.”
e2“Compared to Cd alone, PGA plus Cd stress reinforced AsA and GSH metabolism via the above enzymes and increased AsA and GSH contents and their redox status.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
PGA alone had positive effects on the indicators measured in wheat under Cd-free conditions reported in the study.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- PGA alonee1
- Outcome
- indicators mentioned abovee1
- Direction
- positive effectse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Moreover, PGA alone showed positive effects on the indicators mentioned above.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
PGA enhanced wheat Cd tolerance by preventing Cd uptake and enhancing AsA and GSH metabolism.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- PGAe1
- Outcome
- Cd tolerancee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Qualifier
- by preventing Cd uptake and enhancing AsA and GSH metabolisme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress”
e1“Our results clearly indicated that PGA enhanced wheat Cd tolerance by preventing Cd uptake and enhancing AsA and GSH metabolism.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
PGA can be applied to enhance wheat Cd tolerance in production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- PGAe1
- Outcome
- Cd tolerancee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Therefore, PGA can be applied to enhance wheat Cd tolerance in production.”
t0“Poly-glutamic acid reinforces wheat cadmium tolerance by modulating ascorbic acid and glutathione metabolism”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 35 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
37 papers more in this group
See all 41 papers →cadmium atom · physiology: oxidative · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 43 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
43 papers more in this group
See all 47 papers →cadmium atom · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 90 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
106 papers more in this group
See all 110 papers →cadmium atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
17 papers more in this group
See all 21 papers →cadmium atom · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 30 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
36 papers more in this group
See all 40 papers →heavy metal · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 45 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
49 papers more in this group
See all 53 papers →heavy metal · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →heavy metal · physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.