Abstract
The presence of significant amount of heavy metals in rivers and canals due to mixing of untreated industrial effluents is a common phenomenon, especially in developing countries. The agricultural crops are influenced by the presence of various pollutants in the sewage, being applied for irrigation purpose. The effluents containing copper affect the growth and development of crop species, thereby, ought to be mitigated by foliar spray of osmoprotectants, e.g. proline. A pot culture experiment was conducted at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan during the crop season 2015–2016. The treatments consisted of (a) three wheat varieties (Punjab-96, MH-97, FSD-83), (b) two levels of copper (0, 400 µM) applied through rooting medium, and (c) two levels of proline (0, 80 mM) applied through foliar application. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results showed that application of 400 µM copper caused a reduction in biomass accumulation, chlorophyll (‘a’ and ‘b’) contents, and eventually yield (100-grain weight). There were also significant decreases in gas exchange parameters (stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration), photosynthetic rate, water-use-efficiency, and transpiration rate in response to copper stress. Metal toxicity caused the maximum reduction in productivity of PSII, electron transport rate, and photochemical quenching, while higher values of non-photochemical quenching were recorded in the wheat varieties. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase), as well as quantities of proline, protein and calcium contents were accelerated in response to copper stress. The uptake of calcium, magnesium, and potassium constituents by plants was reduced, while assimilation of calcium was increased in plants under copper stress. However, the occurrence of negative effects on these parameters due to copper stress was mitigated by foliar spray of proline at the rate of 80 mM solution. The exogenous application of proline at the rate of 80 mM resulted in the reduction of generation of reactive oxygen species and enhanced accumulation of proline and protein contents in wheat varieties under copper stress environment.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Copper reduced wheat biomass accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- 400 µM coppere0
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“application of 400 µM copper caused a reduction in biomass accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper reduced wheat chlorophyll a and b contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 400 µM coppere0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll (‘a’ and ‘b’) contentse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“application of 400 µM copper caused a reduction in biomass accumulation, chlorophyll (‘a’ and ‘b’) contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper reduced wheat 100-grain weight.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 400 µM coppere0
- Outcome
- yield (100-grain weight)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“application of 400 µM copper caused a reduction in biomass accumulation, chlorophyll (‘a’ and ‘b’) contents, and eventually yield (100-grain weight)”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper significantly decreased stomatal conductance and internal CO2 concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- copper stresse0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“significant decreases in gas exchange parameters (stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration), photosynthetic rate, water-use-efficiency, and transpiration rate in response to copper stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper significantly decreased photosynthetic rate and water-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- copper stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate, water-use-efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“significant decreases in gas exchange parameters (stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration), photosynthetic rate, water-use-efficiency, and transpiration rate in response to copper stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper significantly decreased transpiration rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- copper stresse0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“significant decreases in gas exchange parameters (stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration), photosynthetic rate, water-use-efficiency, and transpiration rate in response to copper stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper reduced PSII productivity, electron transport rate and photochemical quenching.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Metal toxicitye0
- Outcome
- productivity of PSII, electron transport rate, and photochemical quenchinge0
- Direction
- maximum reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“Metal toxicity caused the maximum reduction in productivity of PSII, electron transport rate, and photochemical quenching”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper increased non-photochemical quenching.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- non-photochemical quenchinge0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“higher values of non-photochemical quenching were recorded in the wheat varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper accelerated superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- copper stresse0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase)e0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase), as well as quantities of proline, protein and calcium contents were accelerated in response to copper stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper increased proline, protein and calcium contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- copper stresse0
- Outcome
- quantities of proline, protein and calcium contentse0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase), as well as quantities of proline, protein and calcium contents were accelerated in response to copper stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper reduced calcium, magnesium and potassium uptake.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- copper stresse0
- Outcome
- uptake of calcium, magnesium, and potassium constituentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“The uptake of calcium, magnesium, and potassium constituents by plants was reduced, while assimilation of calcium was increased in plants under copper stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper increased calcium assimilation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- copper stresse0
- Outcome
- assimilation of calciume0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“assimilation of calcium was increased in plants under copper stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline mitigated the adverse effects of copper stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar spray of proline at the rate of 80 mM solutione0
- Outcome
- negative effects on these parameterse0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“negative effects on these parameters due to copper stress was mitigated by foliar spray of proline at the rate of 80 mM solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline reduced reactive oxygen species generation under copper stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of proline at the rate of 80 mMe0
- Outcome
- generation of reactive oxygen speciese0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“exogenous application of proline at the rate of 80 mM resulted in the reduction of generation of reactive oxygen species”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline enhanced proline and protein accumulation under copper stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of proline at the rate of 80 mMe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of proline and protein contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e0“exogenous application of proline at the rate of 80 mM resulted in the reduction of generation of reactive oxygen species and enhanced accumulation of proline and protein contents”
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See all 22 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.