copper atom · Yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)

Results differ75 papers: 63 positive, 12 negative or no effect · 79 pairs of papers confirmed to differ

138 claims from these papers; 47 citations between them.

Papers whose results differ, checked claim by claim 79

79 pairs of papers on this question report results that differ: an effect in one paper, the opposite effect or no effect in the other. Two model reviewers reading both claims accepted each pair. 50 of them are shown here, as many different papers as possible.

Effects of Copper Sources on Wheat and Soybeans Grown on Organic Soils¹ (1973)
increaseWheat yield increased with copper rate up to 2.8 kg Cu/ha at three sites and 5.6 kg Cu/ha at the fourth.
The ameliorative effects of exogenously applied proline on physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop under copper stress condition (2018)
decreaseCopper reduced wheat 100-grain weight.
What separates themTest system: field · controlled environmentCompare the two papers →
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
RESPONSE TO COPPER AND OPTIMUM LEVELS IN WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS UNDER GREENHOUSE AND FIELD CONDITIONS (1970)
increaseSoil copper increased wheat kernel yield by about 38% in greenhouse conditions.
What separates themTest system: field · controlled environmentCompare the two papers →
The effects of copper and nitrogen supply on the retranslocation of copper in four cultivars of wheat (1978)
decreaseLow copper prevented grain yield.
Mode of copper fertilization in a typic ustipsamment under soybean-wheat cropping sequence (2006)
no changeResidual soil applied copper had no significant effect on wheat grain and straw yield.
What separates themTest system: controlled environment · fieldCompare the two papers →
Effect of copper on growth, yield and concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). (2009)
increaseGrain yield increased 62.9% at 1.5 mg kg(-1) Cu versus control.
Sensitivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to excessive copper foliar spray concentration when grown in a calcareous soil (2022)
decreaseAt 1% copper spray, wheat grain yield declined 20% relative to control.
What separates themTest system: controlled environment · fieldCompare the two papers →
Ecologic-Biological Effects of Cobalt, Cuprum, Copper Oxide Nano-Powders and Humic Acids on Wheat Seeds (2015)
increaseCuprum nanoparticles increased wheat yield by 17 % compared with control.
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction (1975)
no changeCopper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Copper Supply in Relation to Content and Redistribution of Copper Among Organs of the Wheat Plant* (1980)
no changeEightfold increased copper supply (Cu2) did not change vegetative or grain production in wheat.
Hydrogen Peroxide Mitigates Cu Stress in Wheat (2023)
decreaseCopper at 150 or 300 mg Cu kg−1 soil significantly reduced grain yield of wheat.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →

Show 44 more pairs

Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
Melanism and associated symptoms in wheat grown on copper‐responsive chalkland soils (1968)
increaseCopper applications increased wheat yield on chalk rendzina soils.
What separates themTest system: field · controlled environmentCompare the two papers →
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
Response of wheat, pea, and canola to micronutrient fertilization on five contrasting prairie soils (2020)
increaseCu application significantly improved wheat grain and straw biomass yields on Ukalta and Sceptre soils.
What separates themTest system: field · controlled environmentCompare the two papers →
The ameliorative effects of exogenously applied proline on physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop under copper stress condition (2018)
decreaseCopper reduced wheat 100-grain weight.
STIMULATING EFFECTS OF PRE-SOWING SEED TREATMENT WITH METAL NANOPARTICLES ON WINTER WHEAT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (2021)
increaseCu treatment tended to increase thousand-grain weight.
What separates themTest system: controlled environment · fieldCompare the two papers →
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
Relative effectiveness of various sources, methods, times and rates of copper fertilizers in improving grain yield of wheat on a Cu-deficient soil (2005)
increaseSoil incorporation of all Cu fertilizers at 2 kg Cu ha -1 increased wheat grain yield only in 2001.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
Effect of Soil and Foliar Application of Micronutrients on Yield and Quality of Wheat (1964)
increaseCu application generally raised wheat grain yield.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
Effects of Long-term Micronutrients Fertilization on Wheat Yield in Dryland of Loess Region (2003)
increaseApplying Cu fertilizer increased average wheat yield by 188.5 kg/(hm 2·a), an increase rate of 7.6%
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
Evaluation of Penicillium bilaji inoculation and copper and zinc fertilization in relation to crop yield and nutrient uptake (1991)
increaseCu fertilization increased Katepwa wheat yield from 2722 kg/ha to 3682 kg/ha on Nipawin soil.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
Efficiency of Foliar Feeding with Zinc and Copper Chelates of Spring Soft Wheat in the Conditions of the Southern Forest-Steppe of the Omsk Irtysh Region (2020)
increaseFoliar copper at 10 g/ha increased yield by 0.26 t/ha.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
Efficacy of copper foliar spray in preventing copper deficiency of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a calcareous soil (2020)
increaseCopper spray increased wheat grain yield significantly, by around 8% at 0.018% copper, during the 429 mm season in soil 2.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
Investigation of the Effect of a New Type of Copper–Sucrose Complex Compound on the Yield and Quality Parameters of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (2025)
increaseA 1 kg ha-1 copper dose significantly increased yield compared with the untreated control, averaged over three years.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
Effect of copper on growth, yield and concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). (2009)
increaseGrain yield increased 62.9% at 1.5 mg kg(-1) Cu versus control.
What separates themTest system: field · controlled environmentCompare the two papers →
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
The ameliorative effects of exogenously applied proline on physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop under copper stress condition (2018)
decreaseCopper reduced wheat 100-grain weight.
What separates themTest system: field · controlled environmentCompare the two papers →
RESPONSE TO COPPER AND OPTIMUM LEVELS IN WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS UNDER GREENHOUSE AND FIELD CONDITIONS (1970)
no changeField copper application generally did not affect cereal kernel yield or thousand kernel weight.
Effect of copper on growth, yield and concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). (2009)
increaseCopper treatments increased thousand grain weight to 33.93 to 41.35 g versus 32.58 g in control.
What separates themTest system: field · controlled environmentCompare the two papers →
RESPONSE TO COPPER AND OPTIMUM LEVELS IN WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS UNDER GREENHOUSE AND FIELD CONDITIONS (1970)
no changeField copper application generally did not affect cereal kernel yield or thousand kernel weight.
Melanism and associated symptoms in wheat grown on copper‐responsive chalkland soils (1968)
increaseCopper applications increased wheat yield on chalk rendzina soils.
What separates themTest system: field · controlled environmentCompare the two papers →
RESPONSE TO COPPER AND OPTIMUM LEVELS IN WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS UNDER GREENHOUSE AND FIELD CONDITIONS (1970)
increaseSoil copper increased wheat kernel yield by about 38% in greenhouse conditions.
Mode of copper fertilization in a typic ustipsamment under soybean-wheat cropping sequence (2006)
no changeResidual soil applied copper had no significant effect on wheat grain and straw yield.
What separates themTest system: controlled environment · fieldCompare the two papers →
RESPONSE TO COPPER AND OPTIMUM LEVELS IN WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS UNDER GREENHOUSE AND FIELD CONDITIONS (1970)
no changeField copper application generally did not affect cereal kernel yield or thousand kernel weight.
The ameliorative effects of exogenously applied proline on physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop under copper stress condition (2018)
decreaseCopper reduced wheat 100-grain weight.
What separates themTest system: field · controlled environmentCompare the two papers →
RESPONSE TO COPPER AND OPTIMUM LEVELS IN WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS UNDER GREENHOUSE AND FIELD CONDITIONS (1970)
increaseSoil copper increased wheat kernel yield by about 38% in greenhouse conditions.
Sensitivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to excessive copper foliar spray concentration when grown in a calcareous soil (2022)
decreaseAt 1% copper spray, wheat grain yield declined 20% relative to control.
What separates themTest system: controlled environment · fieldCompare the two papers →
Effect of copper on growth, yield and concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). (2009)
increaseGrain yield increased 62.9% at 1.5 mg kg(-1) Cu versus control.
Hydrogen Peroxide Mitigates Cu Stress in Wheat (2023)
decreaseCopper at 150 or 300 mg Cu kg−1 soil significantly reduced grain yield of wheat.
What separates themDose: 1.5 mg/kg · 150–300 mg/kgCompare the two papers →
Melanism and associated symptoms in wheat grown on copper‐responsive chalkland soils (1968)
increaseCopper applications increased wheat yield on chalk rendzina soils.
Mode of copper fertilization in a typic ustipsamment under soybean-wheat cropping sequence (2006)
no changeResidual soil applied copper had no significant effect on wheat grain and straw yield.
What separates themTest system: controlled environment · fieldCompare the two papers →
Melanism and associated symptoms in wheat grown on copper‐responsive chalkland soils (1968)
increaseCopper applications increased wheat yield on chalk rendzina soils.
Sensitivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to excessive copper foliar spray concentration when grown in a calcareous soil (2022)
decreaseAt 1% copper spray, wheat grain yield declined 20% relative to control.
What separates themTest system: controlled environment · fieldCompare the two papers →
Mode of copper fertilization in a typic ustipsamment under soybean-wheat cropping sequence (2006)
no changeResidual soil applied copper had no significant effect on wheat grain and straw yield.
Response of wheat, pea, and canola to micronutrient fertilization on five contrasting prairie soils (2020)
increaseCu application significantly improved wheat grain and straw biomass yields on Ukalta and Sceptre soils.
What separates themTest system: field · controlled environmentCompare the two papers →
Ecologic-Biological Effects of Cobalt, Cuprum, Copper Oxide Nano-Powders and Humic Acids on Wheat Seeds (2015)
increaseCuprum nanoparticles increased wheat yield by 17 % compared with control.
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Ecologic-Biological Effects of Cobalt, Cuprum, Copper Oxide Nano-Powders and Humic Acids on Wheat Seeds (2015)
increaseCuprum nanoparticles increased wheat yield by 17 % compared with control.
Sensitivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to excessive copper foliar spray concentration when grown in a calcareous soil (2022)
decreaseAt 1% copper spray, wheat grain yield declined 20% relative to control.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Ecologic-Biological Effects of Cobalt, Cuprum, Copper Oxide Nano-Powders and Humic Acids on Wheat Seeds (2015)
increaseCuprum nanoparticles increased wheat yield by 17 % compared with control.
Hydrogen Peroxide Mitigates Cu Stress in Wheat (2023)
decreaseCopper at 150 or 300 mg Cu kg−1 soil significantly reduced grain yield of wheat.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of Copper Sources on Wheat and Soybeans Grown on Organic Soils¹ (1973)
increaseWheat yield increased with copper rate up to 2.8 kg Cu/ha at three sites and 5.6 kg Cu/ha at the fourth.
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of Copper Sources on Wheat and Soybeans Grown on Organic Soils¹ (1973)
increaseWheat yield increased with copper rate up to 2.8 kg Cu/ha at three sites and 5.6 kg Cu/ha at the fourth.
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction (1975)
no changeCopper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of Copper Sources on Wheat and Soybeans Grown on Organic Soils¹ (1973)
increaseWheat yield increased with copper rate up to 2.8 kg Cu/ha at three sites and 5.6 kg Cu/ha at the fourth.
RESPONSE TO COPPER AND OPTIMUM LEVELS IN WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS UNDER GREENHOUSE AND FIELD CONDITIONS (1970)
no changeField copper application generally did not affect cereal kernel yield or thousand kernel weight.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of Copper Sources on Wheat and Soybeans Grown on Organic Soils¹ (1973)
increaseWheat yield increased with copper rate up to 2.8 kg Cu/ha at three sites and 5.6 kg Cu/ha at the fourth.
Mode of copper fertilization in a typic ustipsamment under soybean-wheat cropping sequence (2006)
no changeResidual soil applied copper had no significant effect on wheat grain and straw yield.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of Copper Sources on Wheat and Soybeans Grown on Organic Soils¹ (1973)
increaseWheat yield increased with copper rate up to 2.8 kg Cu/ha at three sites and 5.6 kg Cu/ha at the fourth.
Sensitivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to excessive copper foliar spray concentration when grown in a calcareous soil (2022)
decreaseAt 1% copper spray, wheat grain yield declined 20% relative to control.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of Copper Sources on Wheat and Soybeans Grown on Organic Soils¹ (1973)
increaseWheat yield increased with copper rate up to 2.8 kg Cu/ha at three sites and 5.6 kg Cu/ha at the fourth.
Hydrogen Peroxide Mitigates Cu Stress in Wheat (2023)
decreaseCopper at 150 or 300 mg Cu kg−1 soil significantly reduced grain yield of wheat.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
Sensitivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to excessive copper foliar spray concentration when grown in a calcareous soil (2022)
decreaseAt 1% copper spray, wheat grain yield declined 20% relative to control.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island (1989)
no changeCopper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
Hydrogen Peroxide Mitigates Cu Stress in Wheat (2023)
decreaseCopper at 150 or 300 mg Cu kg−1 soil significantly reduced grain yield of wheat.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction (1975)
no changeCopper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
RESPONSE TO COPPER AND OPTIMUM LEVELS IN WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS UNDER GREENHOUSE AND FIELD CONDITIONS (1970)
increaseSoil copper increased wheat kernel yield by about 38% in greenhouse conditions.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction (1975)
no changeCopper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
Effect of copper on growth, yield and concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). (2009)
increaseGrain yield increased 62.9% at 1.5 mg kg(-1) Cu versus control.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction (1975)
no changeCopper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
Melanism and associated symptoms in wheat grown on copper‐responsive chalkland soils (1968)
increaseCopper applications increased wheat yield on chalk rendzina soils.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction (1975)
no changeCopper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
Relative effectiveness of various sources, methods, times and rates of copper fertilizers in improving grain yield of wheat on a Cu-deficient soil (2005)
increaseSoil incorporation of all Cu fertilizers at 2 kg Cu ha -1 increased wheat grain yield only in 2001.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction (1975)
no changeCopper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
Effect of Soil and Foliar Application of Micronutrients on Yield and Quality of Wheat (1964)
increaseCu application generally raised wheat grain yield.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction (1975)
no changeCopper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
Effects of Long-term Micronutrients Fertilization on Wheat Yield in Dryland of Loess Region (2003)
increaseApplying Cu fertilizer increased average wheat yield by 188.5 kg/(hm 2·a), an increase rate of 7.6%
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction (1975)
no changeCopper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
Evaluation of Penicillium bilaji inoculation and copper and zinc fertilization in relation to crop yield and nutrient uptake (1991)
increaseCu fertilization increased Katepwa wheat yield from 2722 kg/ha to 3682 kg/ha on Nipawin soil.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction (1975)
no changeCopper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
Efficiency of Foliar Feeding with Zinc and Copper Chelates of Spring Soft Wheat in the Conditions of the Southern Forest-Steppe of the Omsk Irtysh Region (2020)
increaseFoliar copper at 10 g/ha increased yield by 0.26 t/ha.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction (1975)
no changeCopper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
Efficacy of copper foliar spray in preventing copper deficiency of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a calcareous soil (2020)
increaseCopper spray increased wheat grain yield significantly, by around 8% at 0.018% copper, during the 429 mm season in soil 2.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction (1975)
no changeCopper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
Response of wheat, pea, and canola to micronutrient fertilization on five contrasting prairie soils (2020)
increaseCu application significantly improved wheat grain and straw biomass yields on Ukalta and Sceptre soils.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction (1975)
no changeCopper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
Sensitivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to excessive copper foliar spray concentration when grown in a calcareous soil (2022)
decreaseAt 1% copper spray, wheat grain yield declined 20% relative to control.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction (1975)
no changeCopper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
Hydrogen Peroxide Mitigates Cu Stress in Wheat (2023)
decreaseCopper at 150 or 300 mg Cu kg−1 soil significantly reduced grain yield of wheat.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →

How these papers cite each other

47 citations between these papers: 37 on the same side, 10 across the two sides.

Positive result
Negative result or no effect
Citation, pointing to the cited paper
Citation across the two sides
Larger circle: more citations overall

Years run left to right. Citations come from the papers’ OpenAlex reference lists. Hover a paper to bring forward its citations; click it to open the paper.

Papers reporting a positive result 63

Effect of Soil and Foliar Application of Micronutrients on Yield and Quality of Wheat · 1964
- positive
  Cu application generally raised wheat grain yield.
- positive
  Soil Cu produced the highest straw yield.
Melanism and associated symptoms in wheat grown on copper‐responsive chalkland soils · 1968
- positive
  Soil copper sulphate increased yield up to 200%.
- positive
  Copper applications increased wheat yield on chalk rendzina soils.
- positive
  Foliar copper oxychloride increased yield up to 200%.
- positive
  Foliar copper sulphate increased yield up to 200%.
RESPONSE TO COPPER AND OPTIMUM LEVELS IN WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS UNDER GREENHOUSE AND FIELD CONDITIONS · 1970
- positive
  Soil copper increased wheat kernel yield by about 38% in greenhouse conditions.
- no effect
  Field copper application generally did not affect cereal kernel yield or thousand kernel weight.
cited by 4 papers here
Effects of Copper Sources on Wheat and Soybeans Grown on Organic Soils¹ · 1973
- positive
  Wheat yield increased with copper rate up to 2.8 kg Cu/ha at three sites and 5.6 kg Cu/ha at the fourth.
Effects of sulphur fertilizers and of copper on the yield and composition of spring wheat grown in an sandy soil prone to surface compaction · 1975
- positive
  Soil-applied copper sulphate slightly increased pot grain yield.
- no effect
  Copper oxychloride spray did not increase field grain yield.
cites 1 paper here
Physiological Aspects of Time of Application of Copper to Wheat Plants · 1976
- positive
  Soil copper from sowing to early boot produced excellent grain yield.
cited by 3 papers here
Anomalous Water Relations in Copper-Deficient Wheat Plants · 1976
- positive
  Severe copper deficiency resulted in no grain yield.
  About lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round
- positive
  Mild copper deficiency caused small yield decreases relative to Cu 4.0.
  compared with Cu 4.0About lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round
cited by 1 paper here
The effects of copper and nitrogen supply on the retranslocation of copper in four cultivars of wheat · 1978
- positive
  High nitrogen and high copper produced maximal grain yield in each cultivar.
- positive
  At marginal copper and high nitrogen, copper deficiency almost eliminated Argentine IX grain yield.
  About lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round
- negative
  Low copper prevented grain yield.
- no effect
  At low nitrogen, marginal and high copper gave similar grain yield.
  compared with high copperNo difference from an alternative treatment
cited by 3 papers here
Copper Supply in Relation to Content and Redistribution of Copper Among Organs of the Wheat Plant* · 1980
- positive
  A marginal copper supply (Cu1) overcame all deficiency symptoms and promoted growth and grain production in wheat.
- no effect
  Eightfold increased copper supply (Cu2) did not change vegetative or grain production in wheat.
cites 1 paper herecited by 4 papers here
Residual effectiveness of copper fertilizer for wheat in Western Australia · 1980
- positive
  Residual fertilizer copper applied 4 to 12 years earlier gave wheat grain yield superior or equal to a current application.
  compared with current application
cited by 3 papers here
EFFECT OF COPPER DEFICIENCY ON PHENOLIC AND OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF · 1981
- positive
  Copper deficiency decreased yield significantly.
  About lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round
cites 3 papers here
Copper deficiency of wheat: Effects of soil water content and fertilizer placement on plant growth · 1991
- positive
  Wheat without added Cu produced no grain in either water regime.
  About lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round
cites 3 papers here
Effect of nitrogen and residual copper on the occurrence of Rhizoctonia bare patch in wheat grown near Esperance, Western Australia · 1991
- positive
  Wheat grain yield increased with adequate Cu despite N above the level considered adequate for nutrition.
Evaluation of Penicillium bilaji inoculation and copper and zinc fertilization in relation to crop yield and nutrient uptake · 1991
- positive
  Copper fertilization increased wheat yield relative to control in the Nipawin soil.
  compared with control
- positive
  Cu fertilization increased Katepwa wheat yield from 2722 kg/ha to 3682 kg/ha on Nipawin soil.
Study on "Blind-Ear"——Copper Deficiency Symptom in Wheat on Subtropic Hill Soils · 1992
- positive
  Basal copper sulfate gave normal grain yield.
The Impact of Copper Tetramine Hydroxide Treatments on Wheat Yield · 2002
- positive
  Foliar copper tetramine hydroxide increased winter wheat yield.
- positive
  Foliar copper tetramine hydroxide increased kernel weight.
cites 1 paper herecited by 1 paper here
Effects of Long-term Micronutrients Fertilization on Wheat Yield in Dryland of Loess Region · 2003
- positive
  Cu fertilizer increased wheat yield by 10.7% in a normal rainfall year
- positive
  Cu fertilizer increased wheat yield by 9.5% in a dry rainfall year
- positive
  Applying Cu fertilizer increased average wheat yield by 188.5 kg/(hm 2·a), an increase rate of 7.6%
- no effect
  Cu fertilizer had no significant effect on wheat yield in a moist rainfall year
The effect of foliar copper application on grain yield and quality of wheat · 2004
- positive
  Maximum grain yield in some cases was obtained with the combination of two foliar Cu applications, at Feekes growth stages 6 and 10.
cited by 9 papers here
Effect of CFBII fertilizer on the Growth and Yield Components of Wheat · 2004
- positive
  CFB increased wheat grains per ear by 8.36 versus control.
  compared with control
- positive
  CFB increased wheat yield by 23.57% versus control.
  compared with control
- positive
  CFB increased wheat ear length by 0.83 cm versus control.
  compared with control
EFFECT OF COPPER FERTILIZATION ON WHEAT GROWN IN SOME SOILS OF SAUDI ARABIA · 2004
- positive
  Wheat responded to copper sulphate sprays at 0.3%, with seed weight significantly increased.
- negative
  Applying Cu at 0.6% caused an insignificant decrease in seed weight.
Relative effectiveness of various sources, methods, times and rates of copper fertilizers in improving grain yield of wheat on a Cu-deficient soil · 2005
- positive
  Soil incorporation of two Cu fertilizers at 0.5 kg Cu ha -1 increased wheat grain yield only in 2001.
  compared with zero-Cu check
- positive
  Seedrow placement of two Cu fertilizers at 1 kg Cu ha -1 increased wheat grain yield only in 2001.
  compared with zero-Cu check
- positive
  Soil incorporation of all Cu fertilizers at 2 kg Cu ha -1 increased wheat grain yield only in 2001.
  compared with zero-Cu check
cites 2 papers herecited by 3 papers here
Long-term residual value of copper fertiliser for production of wheat grain · 2006
- positive
  Grain yield responses to freshly applied copper first occurred at 28 years in the 1.38 kg copper/ha plots.
cites 2 papers here
Response of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Plant Grown on Light Textured Soil to Copper Foliar Application Under Different Rates of Nitrogen Fertilization · 2008
- positive
  The combination of 120% recommended nitrogen and 1.0 kg Cu/ fed in split doses gave the highest grain yield.
  compared with control (zero copper application) at the lowest rate of nitrogen fertilization (80% of R.D.)
- positive
  Copper application in two split doses gave greater grain yield than application at early boating, which exceeded application at tillering.
  compared with Cu applied at early boating stage
- positive
  Increasing copper application from 0.5 to 1.0 kg Cu /fed increased wheat grain yield.
  compared with 0.5
cited by 1 paper here
Effectiveness of seed-soaked Cu, autumn- versus spring-applied Cu, and Cu-treated P fertilizer on seed yield of wheat and residual nitrate-N for a Cu-deficient soil · 2009
- positive
  Seed soaking in Cu EDTA increased wheat seed yield.
- positive
  Partial factor productivity was higher with combined N and Cu than N alone.
  compared with N alone
- positive
  Spring soil spray-broadcast Cu EDTA produced the highest yield among spring applications.
- no effect
  Granular Cu-treated MAP fertilizer had no significant effect on wheat seed yield.
- negative
  Seed-soaked Cu EDTA produced smaller yield gains than spring soil-applied Cu EDTA.
  compared with surface spray-broadcast and incorporation of Cu EDTA liquid into soil in spring prior to seeding at 4.0 kg Cu ha -1
- negative
  Seed-soaked Cu EDTA produced smaller yield gains than foliar Cu EDTA.
  compared with foliar-applied Cu EDTA liquid at 0.50 to 1.00 kg Cu ha -1
cites 3 papers here
Multifunctional effect of microfertilizer of the LFSC brand on spring wheat yield and quality · 2009
- positive
  Foliar LFSC-2 increased grain weight per plant and yield of spring wheat.
Effect of copper on growth, yield and concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). · 2009
- positive
  Grain yield increased 62.9% at 1.5 mg kg(-1) Cu versus control.
  compared with control
- positive
  Copper treatments increased thousand grain weight to 33.93 to 41.35 g versus 32.58 g in control.
  compared with control
- positive
  fresh and dry matter yield rose with copper levels and peaked at 1.5 mg kg(-1) Cu.
- negative
  Tiller number was lowest at 1.5 mg kg(-1) Cu.
cites 1 paper herecited by 6 papers here
Amendment of Copper Toxicity in Alluvial Soil Using Iron: Effect on Growth and Yield of Triticum aestivum L. · 2010
- positive
  Iron plus copper increased wheat grain yield.
Influence of Magnesium and Copper Foliar Application on Wheat Yield and Quality of Grains under Sandy Soil Conditions · 2011
- positive
  The lowest copper level gave the highest straw yield.
- positive
  The highest copper level gave the highest significant grain-yield increment.
- positive
  Copper and magnesium spraying significantly improved height, tiller number, spike number, length, weight and grain number per spike.
- positive
  Copper and magnesium spraying significantly improved grain weight per spike, thousand-grain weight, grain yield and straw yield.
cites 2 papers here
Effect of Magnesium Sulphate and Copper Sulphate Foliar Application on Wheat under Sandy Soil Conditions · 2011
- positive
  Copper sulphate and magnesium sulphate spraying had the highest positive significant effects on grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield of wheat.
- positive
  Copper sulphate and magnesium sulphate spraying had the highest positive significant effects on spike number, spike length and grain number per spike of wheat.
- positive
  Copper sulphate and magnesium sulphate spraying had the highest positive significant effect on straw yield of wheat.
cites 2 papers herecited by 1 paper here
Effects of Cu/Zn-SODM and Mn-SODM on Growth and Development and Yield of Wheat(Triticum aestivum) · 2012
- positive
  Soaking with Cu/Zn-SODM gave the largest yield increase, 14.1%-16.1%
IMPACT OF FOLIAR SPRAYING OF SOME ORGANIC SUBSTANCES AND MICRONUTRIENTS ON WHEAT GROWN ON CLAYEY SOIL · 2012
- positive
  Copper spraying with or without organic substances increased straw nitrogen and phosphorus.
cites 1 paper here
Effect of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn Foliar Application on Productivity and Quality of Some Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) · 2014
- positive
  Combined micronutrient foliar application gave the highest wheat grain yield in the two seasons: 6.270 and 6.400 ton ha -1.
- positive
  Combined micronutrient foliar application gave the highest wheat spike length in the two seasons: 9.32 and 9.56 cm.
- positive
  Combined micronutrient foliar application gave the highest wheat spikes number m -2 in the two seasons: 279.33 and 282.9.
- positive
  Combined micronutrient foliar application gave the highest wheat straw yield in the two seasons: 12.58 and 12.77 ton ha -1.
- positive
  Combined micronutrient foliar application gave the highest wheat harvest index in the two seasons: 33.21 and 33.36 %.
- positive
  Combined micronutrient foliar application gave the highest wheat number of spikelets spike -1 in the two seasons: 16.26 and 16.37.
- positive
  Combined micronutrient foliar application gave the highest wheat biological yield in the two seasons: 18.84 and 19.17 ton ha -1.
- positive
  Combined micronutrient foliar application gave the highest wheat number of grains spike -1 in the two seasons: 39.73 and 40.98.
- positive
  Combined micronutrient foliar application gave the highest wheat 1000-grain weight in the two seasons: 42.50 and 43.26 g.
- positive
  Combined micronutrient foliar application gave the highest wheat tillers number m -2 in the two seasons: 318.4 and 329.3.
cites 1 paper here
Ecologic-Biological Effects of Cobalt, Cuprum, Copper Oxide Nano-Powders and Humic Acids on Wheat Seeds · 2015
- positive
  Cuprum nanoparticles increased wheat yield by 17 % compared with control.
  compared with control
Growth and yield responses of rice, wheat and beans to Zn and Cu fertilizers in soils of Mbeya region, Tanzania · 2015
- positive
  The Zn and Cu treatment with N and P produced the highest wheat grain yield of 5.58 g pot -1.
  compared with control
The Biphasic Role of Cupper and Counteraction with Azospirillum brasilense Application on Growth, Metabolities, Osmotic Pressure and Mineral of Wheat Plant · 2017
- positive
  Cu++ increased the production of fresh and dry matter in wheat shoots.
- negative
  Cu++ decreased the production of fresh and dry matter in wheat roots.
The influence of foliar fertilization with nitrogen, sulphur, amino acids and microelements on spring wheat · 2017
- positive
  Foliar microelements increased grain yield of spring wheat in only one year out of five.
cites 1 paper here
Spring Wheat Response to Supplemental Nutrient Additions under Silty Clay Loam Soils of Minnesota · 2018
- positive
  Combined applications of Cu, Zn and S increased spring wheat grain yield over the recommended treatment and check in 2015 only.
  compared with recommended treatment and check
Effects of different fertilizer treatments on grain yield and yield components of spring wheat · 2018
- positive
  Mixed Cu, Mn, Zn, Ca micronized fertilizer raised grain yield 38.6% versus standard NPK.
  compared with control (standard NPK fertilization)
The effect of foliar application of copper on content of this element in winter wheat grain · 2019
- positive
  Varieties with the highest yield response to copper had approximately 20% higher yield.
cites 1 paper herecited by 1 paper here
Efficiency of Foliar Feeding with Zinc and Copper Chelates of Spring Soft Wheat in the Conditions of the Southern Forest-Steppe of the Omsk Irtysh Region · 2020
- positive
  Foliar copper at 10 g/ha increased yield by 0.26 t/ha.
  compared with control
Efficacy of copper foliar spray in preventing copper deficiency of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a calcareous soil · 2020
- positive
  Copper spray increased wheat grain yield significantly, by around 8% at 0.018% copper, during the 429 mm season in soil 2.
  compared with control
cites 1 paper herecited by 1 paper here
Response of wheat, pea, and canola to micronutrient fertilization on five contrasting prairie soils · 2020
- positive
  Cu application significantly improved wheat grain and straw biomass yields on Ukalta and Sceptre soils.
cites 3 papers herecited by 2 papers here
THE STRUCTURE OF PRODUCTIVITY OF SPRING WHEAT DEPENDING ON THE VARIETY AND FOLIAR TREATMENT WITH MANGANESE, COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM · 2021
- positive
  Yoldyz with manganese and copper gave the best yield-structure indicators.
- positive
  Foliar copper and molybdenum with nitrogen gave the best yield-structure indicators in Tulaykovskaya 10 and Tulaykovskaya 108.
YSL3-mediated copper distribution is required for fertility, seed size and protein accumulation in Brachypodium · 2021
- positive
  Copper deficiency altered grain set in wheat.
  About lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round
Economic efficiency of the use of microelement chelates in cultivation of spring wheat on quasigleyic blac soil · 2021
- positive
  Zn and Cu chelate foliar feeding had a positive effect on seed germination, 1000-grain mass and grain unit.
- positive
  Cu chelate in the Cu10 option gave the highest 1000-grain mass, 32.45 g.
- positive
  Zn and Cu chelates increased grain yield by 0.10-0.23 t/ha (4.5-10.5%) on average.
- positive
  Cu chelate in the Cu10 option gave a highest 1000-grain mass value stated as 717 g/l.
STIMULATING EFFECTS OF PRE-SOWING SEED TREATMENT WITH METAL NANOPARTICLES ON WINTER WHEAT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT · 2021
- positive
  Cu treatment tended to increase thousand-grain weight.
Increase in phosphorus concentration reduces the toxicity of copper in wheat roots (Triticum aestivumL.) · 2021
- positive
  Combined phosphorus and copper increased shoot dry matter yield.
- positive
  Combined phosphorus and copper increased root dry matter yield.
Evaluation of Different Blended Fertilizer Types and Rates for Better Production of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Adiyo District, South West Ethiopia · 2021
- positive
  T8 gave the highest grain yield, 6.537 ton ha-1.
  compared with untreated soil
cites 1 paper here
The influence of the cultivar and foliar treatment with micronutrient preparations on the yield, economics and energy efficiency of grain production of spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) · 2021
- positive
  Spring wheat variety Tulaykovskaya 108 had the best yield and production efficiency with foliar treatment with a copper and molybdenum mixture against a nitrogen background.
- positive
  Spring wheat variety Tulaykovskaya 10 had the best yield and production efficiency with foliar treatment with a copper and molybdenum mixture against a nitrogen background.
Evaluation of different blended fertilizer types and rates for better production of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Adiyo District, South West Ethiopia · 2021
- positive
  NPSB+Cu (T8) gave the highest net benefit, Birr 46637.10.
- positive
  The highest rate of NPSB+Cu (T8) gave the highest grain yield, 6.537 ton ha-1, compared with untreated soil.
  compared with untreated soil
The Impact of Trichoderma harzianum Together with Copper and Boron on Wheat Yield · 2023
- positive
  Treatments significantly enhanced wheat harvest index relative to the control.
  compared with a control set
- positive
  Treatments significantly enhanced wheat spike length relative to the control.
  compared with a control set
- positive
  Treatments significantly enhanced wheat kernels per spike relative to the control.
  compared with a control set
cites 2 papers here
A comprehensive review: Effects of different package types and storage techniques on wheat seeds Triticum aestivum (L.) · 2023
- positive
  Copper nanoparticle seed treatment was the best for 1000-seed weight of wheat seed.
Effect of various foliar applied micronutrients (Zn+Fe+Cu+B) on growth and yield of wheat under Faisalabad condition · 2023
- positive
  The Zn+Fe+Cu+B combination substantially improved spike length, number of spikelets and number of grains of wheat compared with other treatments.
  compared with other treatments
- positive
  The Zn+Fe+Cu+B combination substantially improved 1000-grain weight, grain yield and harvest index of wheat compared with other treatments.
  compared with other treatments
cites 1 paper here
Effect of certain organic and synthetic substances on copper availability, absorption, and wheat productivity · 2023
- positive
  The 3 kg fed-1 copper sulphate rate outperformed 6 kg fed-1 and control for grain and straw yield.
  compared with third rate (6 kg fed-1) and the control treatment (without CuSO4)
cites 1 paper here
Impact of Organic and Inorganic Plant Growth Promoters on Growth Indices and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties · 2024
- positive
  The mixture of micronutrients gave the highest grain yield.
  compared with all other treatment
- positive
  The mixture of micronutrients gave the highest number of tillers.
  compared with all other treatment
Assessment of the impact of micro fertilizers on winter wheat and winter barley crops under the Sevan basin conditions · 2024
- positive
  Molybdenum, manganese and copper increased autumn wheat yield by 3.3-6.4 c/ha (6.9-13.3%) over the biohumus background.
  compared with background of biohumus
Assessment of Plant Growth Promoters on Growth Characteristics, Yield Attributes and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties in Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh, India · 2024
- positive
  Micronutrient spray gave maximum 425.13 tillers per square metre at maturity.
- positive
  Micronutrient spray gave maximum straw yield of 7072.20 kg ha-1.
- positive
  Micronutrient spray gave maximum grain yield of 4572.17 kg ha-1.
Response of Five Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) To Urea Fertilizer Levels and Some Micronutrients Application at North Delta of Egypt. · 2024
- positive
  The highest nitrogen rate and M2 micronutrients significantly increased wheat grains per spike to 64.5.
- positive
  The highest nitrogen rate and M2 micronutrients significantly increased wheat grain yield to 2.211tons fed.-1.
- positive
  The highest nitrogen rate and M2 micronutrients significantly increased wheat fertile tillers to 265 per square metre.
Modeling the influence of selenium-containing biologically active substances on the yield of spring wheat with "copper" contamination of soils · 2024
- positive
  Seed inoculation with composite selenium-containing and copper solutions gave positive yield results across the whole copper concentration range over the study years.
Investigation of the Effect of a New Type of Copper–Sucrose Complex Compound on the Yield and Quality Parameters of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) · 2025
- positive
  A 1 kg ha-1 copper dose significantly increased yield compared with the untreated control, averaged over three years.
  compared with untreated control
cites 6 papers here
Effectiveness of the Use of Trace Elements in the Cultivation of Grain Crops in Long-Term Experiments on Sod-Podzolic Soil · 2025
- positive
  Zinc and copper micro-fertilizers increased winter wheat yield by 12% against the background of mineral fertilizers.
  compared with background of mineral fertilizers
Effect of sole and combined application of sulphatic micronutrients fertilisers on growth traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) · 2026
- positive
  Combined Zn, Fe, and Cu fertilization significantly enhanced height, tiller number, and dry matter versus control and individual applications.
  compared with control and individual applications
Slow-release copper efficacy study on wheat: a sustainable solution for efficient crop micronutrient delivery · 2026
- positive
  Soileos Cu reached maximum wheat spike number at a 25–26% lower copper application rate than CuSO4 in greenhouse conditions.
  compared with CuSO4
- positive
  Soileos Cu reached maximum wheat grain yield at a 25–26% lower copper application rate than CuSO4 in greenhouse conditions.
  compared with CuSO4
cites 1 paper here

Papers reporting a negative result or no effect 12

Evidence for the involvement of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei in wheat yield decline in northern New South Wales · 1987
- no effect
  Applications of multiple nutrients did not significantly increase wheat yield.
Copper nutrition of cereals and forages grown in Prince Edward Island · 1989
- no effect
  Copper treatments did not significantly affect cereal or forage yield.
cites 2 papers here
Effect of Mn on wheat growth and the interactions between Mn and some other plant nutrients · 1999
- negative
  Application of Mo, Cu and S fertilizers reduced plant growth and seed yield of wheat.
Deficiency of manganese is alleviated more by low zinc than low copper in wheat · 2000
- negative
  Cu or Zn deficiency decreased biomass, leaf Cu/Zn and seed yield of wheat.
Mode of copper fertilization in a typic ustipsamment under soybean-wheat cropping sequence · 2006
- no effect
  Residual soil applied copper had no significant effect on wheat grain and straw yield.
- no effect
  Foliar copper had no significant effect on wheat grain and straw yield.
Effects of Stress of Copper,Cadmium on Carbon and Nitrogen Assimilate Translocation in Winter Wheat · 2006
- negative
  Copper and cadmium reduced grain weight relative to CK.
  compared with CK
Wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) response to micronutrients (Mn, Cu, Zn, B) in Canterbury, New Zealand · 2008
- no effect
  Zinc and copper gave no wheat yield response in the trials where manganese did.
cited by 1 paper here
Maximizing wheat yield through integrated use of farmyard manure and fertilizers · 2016
- no effect
  Micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) had no significant effect on wheat yield.
The ameliorative effects of exogenously applied proline on physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop under copper stress condition · 2018
- negative
  Copper reduced wheat 100-grain weight.
Zinc and copper interactions under variable soil phosphorus and moisture conditions in selected Saskatchewan soils · 2021
- negative
  Combined copper and zinc application without phosphorus significantly reduced wheat yield in a Dark Gray Chernozem.
cites 2 papers herecited by 1 paper here
Sensitivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to excessive copper foliar spray concentration when grown in a calcareous soil · 2022
- negative
  At 1% copper spray, wheat grain yield declined 20% relative to control.
  compared with control
cites 2 papers herecited by 1 paper here
Hydrogen Peroxide Mitigates Cu Stress in Wheat · 2023
- negative
  Copper at 150 or 300 mg Cu kg−1 soil significantly reduced grain yield of wheat.
cited by 1 paper here

A paper is on the positive side when any of its claims here is positive. Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. Claims that compare genotypes are left out; a claim about lacking a nutrient counts the other way round in that nutrient’s question. “Results differ” marks a question where two model reviewers, reading both claims, accepted at least one pair of papers whose results differ.

copper atom · Yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)

Papers whose results differ, checked claim by claim 79

How these papers cite each other

Papers reporting a positive result 63

Papers reporting a negative result or no effect 12

copper atom on Triticum aestivum (wheat) against other targets

copper atom · yield on other organisms