Abstract
A long-term field experiment on acutely copper deficient soil commenced in 1967 in south-western Western Australia to measure the residual value of fertiliser copper for grain production of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Before sowing the first wheat crop, 6 amounts of copper [0, 0.69, 1.38, 2.07, 2.75 and 4.75 kg copper/ha as copper sulfate (25% copper)] were applied to large main plots when the fertiliser was placed (drilled) with the seed during sowing. Thereafter, wheat was grown every fourth year in rotation with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)-based pasture. When each wheat crop was sown in subsequent years, 4 amounts of copper were drilled with the sown seed in subplots within each of the 6 main plots, using new suplots for each wheat crop that were not previously treated with copper since the initial application in 1967. The effectiveness for producing wheat grain from the 6 original amounts of copper was calculated relative to freshly-applied copper by estimating the amount of original copper and freshly-applied copper required to produce the same grain yield. Results for the first 12 years have been published (Gartrell 1980); results for years 16–32 are presented in this paper. For the first 12 years large wheat grain yield increases were only obtained to freshly-applied copper in the original nil-copper main plots. For the first time, in the 16th year, copper responses also occurred to freshly-applied copper in the original 0.69 kg copper/ha main plots. The recommended amount of copper applied to wheat, for the soil type used, was 1.38 kg copper/ha and this supplied sufficient copper for grain production for 28 years. At this stage, grain yield responses to freshly-applied copper occurred for the first time in these main plots. The copper removal in grain of each wheat crop only accounted for about 2–3% of the original 1.38 kg copper/kg treatment. Otherwise, all freshly-applied copper treatments were on the maximum yield plateau because wheat roots accessed enough copper for grain production from soil treated with the original copper treatments. In years 4–16, the original copper treatments were more effective than freshly-applied copper because cultivating soil to sow wheat mixed the original treatments through soil increasingly improving interception of the original copper treatments in soil by plant roots. However, in years 24–32, freshly-applied copper was more effective as the residual value of the original copper treatments continued to decrease due to continued slow reaction of the original copper treatments with soil. For wheat at the flag leaf stage, the concentrations of copper in the youngest expanded wheat leaf blades that were related to 90% of the maximum grain yield (prognostic value) was about 1.4 mg/kg.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
In the first 12 years, large wheat grain yield increases were obtained only to freshly applied copper in the original nil-copper plots.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- freshly-applied coppere1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Qualifier
- For the first 12 yearse1
- Comparator
- original nil-copper main plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“For the first 12 years large wheat grain yield increases were only obtained to freshly-applied copper in the original nil-copper main plots”
Claim · model-written summary
In the 16th year, copper responses to freshly applied copper first occurred in the original 0.69 kg copper/ha plots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- freshly-applied coppere2
- Outcome
- copper responsese2
- Qualifier
- in the 16th yeare2
- Comparator
- original 0.69 kg copper/ha main plotse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“For the first time, in the 16th year, copper responses also occurred to freshly-applied copper in the original 0.69 kg copper/ha main plots”
e0“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended 1.38 kg copper/ha supplied sufficient copper for grain production for 28 years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- 1.38 kg copper/hae3
- Outcome
- sufficient copper for grain productione3
- Value
- 28 yearse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The recommended amount of copper applied to wheat, for the soil type used, was 1.38 kg copper/ha and this supplied sufficient copper for grain production for 28 years”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield responses to freshly applied copper first occurred at 28 years in the 1.38 kg copper/ha plots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- freshly-applied coppere4
- Outcome
- grain yield responsese4
- Qualifier
- for the first timee4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“At this stage, grain yield responses to freshly-applied copper occurred for the first time in these main plots”
e0“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper removal in grain of each wheat crop accounted for only about 2–3% of the original 1.38 kg copper/kg treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Outcome
- copper removal in graine5
- Value
- about 2–3%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The copper removal in grain of each wheat crop only accounted for about 2–3% of the original 1.38 kg copper/kg treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
All freshly applied copper treatments were on the maximum yield plateau because wheat roots accessed enough copper from the original treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume6
- Treatment
- freshly-applied coppere6
- Outcome
- maximum yield plateaue6
- Qualifier
- wheat roots accessed enough copper for grain productione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Otherwise, all freshly-applied copper treatments were on the maximum yield plateau because wheat roots accessed enough copper for grain production from soil treated with the original copper treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
In years 4–16, the original copper treatments were more effective than freshly applied copper.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- original copper treatmentse7
- Outcome
- effectivee7
- Direction
- moree7
- Qualifier
- In years 4–16e7
- Comparator
- freshly-applied coppere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“In years 4–16, the original copper treatments were more effective than freshly-applied copper because cultivating soil to sow wheat mixed the original treatments through soil increasingly improving interception of the original copper treatments in soil by plant roots”
e0“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In years 24–32, freshly applied copper was more effective than the original copper treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- freshly-applied coppere1
- Outcome
- effectivee1
- Direction
- moree1
- Qualifier
- In years 24–32e1
- Comparator
- original copper treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In years 24–32, freshly-applied copper was more effective as the residual value of the original copper treatments continued to decrease due to continued slow reaction of the original copper treatments with soil”
e0“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The residual value of the original copper treatments continued to decrease, owing to slow reaction of the copper with soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- original copper treatmentse1
- Outcome
- residual value of the original copper treatmentse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Qualifier
- continued slow reaction of the original copper treatments with soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In years 24–32, freshly-applied copper was more effective as the residual value of the original copper treatments continued to decrease due to continued slow reaction of the original copper treatments with soil”
e0“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The copper concentration in the youngest expanded wheat leaf blades related to 90% of maximum grain yield was about 1.4 mg/kg at the flag leaf stage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- flag leaf stagee1
- Outcome
- concentrations of coppere1
- Value
- about 1.4 mg/kge1
- Qualifier
- related to 90% of the maximum grain yielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“For wheat at the flag leaf stage, the concentrations of copper in the youngest expanded wheat leaf blades that were related to 90% of the maximum grain yield (prognostic value) was about 1.4 mg/kg”
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See all 75 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.