Abstract
Addressing the looming global food security crisis requires the development of high-yielding crops. In agricultural soils, deficiency in the micronutrient copper significantly decreases grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum), a globally important crop. In cereals, grain yield is determined by inflorescence architecture, flower fertility, grain size, and weight. Whether copper is involved in these processes, and how it is delivered to the reproductive organs is not well understood. We show that copper deficiency alters not only the grain set but also flower development in both wheat and its recognized model, Brachypodium distachyon. We then show that the Brachypodium yellow stripe-like 3 (YSL3) transporter localizes to the phloem, transports copper in frog (Xenopus laevis) oocytes, and facilitates copper delivery to reproductive organs and grains. Failure to deliver copper, but not iron, zinc, or manganese to these structures in the ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutant results in delayed flowering, altered inflorescence architecture, reduced floret fertility, grain size, weight, and protein accumulation. These defects are rescued by copper supplementation and are complemented by YSL3 cDNA. This knowledge will help to devise sustainable approaches for improving grain yield in regions where soil quality is a major obstacle for crop production. Copper distribution by a phloem-localized transporter is essential for the transition to flowering, inflorescence architecture, floret fertility, size, weight, and protein accumulation in seeds.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Copper deficiency altered grain set in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- copper deficiencye0
- Outcome
- grain sete0
- Direction
- alterse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that copper deficiency alters not only the grain set but also flower development in both wheat and its recognized model, Brachypodium distachyon.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper deficiency altered flower development in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- copper deficiencye0
- Outcome
- flower developmente0
- Direction
- alterse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that copper deficiency alters not only the grain set but also flower development in both wheat and its recognized model, Brachypodium distachyon.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper deficiency altered grain set in Brachypodium distachyon.
- Taxon
- Brachypodium distachyon
Brachypodium distachyone0 - Treatment
- copper deficiencye0
- Outcome
- grain sete0
- Direction
- alterse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that copper deficiency alters not only the grain set but also flower development in both wheat and its recognized model, Brachypodium distachyon.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper deficiency altered flower development in Brachypodium distachyon.
- Taxon
- Brachypodium distachyonBrachypodium distachyone0
- Treatment
- copper deficiencye0
- Outcome
- flower developmente0
- Direction
- alterse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that copper deficiency alters not only the grain set but also flower development in both wheat and its recognized model, Brachypodium distachyon.”
Claim · model-written summary
Brachypodium YSL3 localized to the phloem.
- Taxon
- BrachypodiumBrachypodiume0
- Organ / stage
- phloeme0
- Gene
- Brachypodium yellow stripe-like 3 (YSL3)e0
- Outcome
- localizes to the phloeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We then show that the Brachypodium yellow stripe-like 3 (YSL3) transporter localizes to the phloem, transports copper in frog (Xenopus laevis) oocytes, and facilitates copper delivery to reproductive organs and grains.”
Claim · model-written summary
Brachypodium YSL3 transported copper in frog oocytes.
- Taxon
- BrachypodiumBrachypodiume0
- Gene
- Brachypodium yellow stripe-like 3 (YSL3)e0
- Outcome
- transports copper in frog (Xenopus laevis) oocytese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We then show that the Brachypodium yellow stripe-like 3 (YSL3) transporter localizes to the phloem, transports copper in frog (Xenopus laevis) oocytes, and facilitates copper delivery to reproductive organs and grains.”
Claim · model-written summary
Brachypodium YSL3 facilitated copper delivery to reproductive organs and grains.
- Taxon
- BrachypodiumBrachypodiume0
- Gene
- Brachypodium yellow stripe-like 3 (YSL3)e0
- Outcome
- copper delivery to reproductive organs and grainse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We then show that the Brachypodium yellow stripe-like 3 (YSL3) transporter localizes to the phloem, transports copper in frog (Xenopus laevis) oocytes, and facilitates copper delivery to reproductive organs and grains.”
Claim · model-written summary
The ysl3 mutant had delayed flowering.
- Taxon
- BrachypodiumBrachypodiumt0
- Material
- ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutante0
- Treatment
- Failure to deliver coppere0
- Gene
- ysl3e0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Failure to deliver copper, but not iron, zinc, or manganese to these structures in the ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutant results in delayed flowering, altered inflorescence architecture, reduced floret fertility, grain size, weight, and protein accumulation.”
t0“Brachypodium”
Claim · model-written summary
The ysl3 mutant had altered inflorescence architecture.
- Taxon
- BrachypodiumBrachypodiumt0
- Material
- ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutante0
- Treatment
- Failure to deliver coppere0
- Gene
- ysl3e0
- Outcome
- inflorescence architecturee0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Failure to deliver copper, but not iron, zinc, or manganese to these structures in the ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutant results in delayed flowering, altered inflorescence architecture, reduced floret fertility, grain size, weight, and protein accumulation.”
t0“Brachypodium”
Claim · model-written summary
The ysl3 mutant had reduced floret fertility.
- Taxon
- BrachypodiumBrachypodiumt0
- Material
- ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutante0
- Treatment
- Failure to deliver coppere0
- Gene
- ysl3e0
- Outcome
- floret fertilitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Failure to deliver copper, but not iron, zinc, or manganese to these structures in the ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutant results in delayed flowering, altered inflorescence architecture, reduced floret fertility, grain size, weight, and protein accumulation.”
t0“Brachypodium”
Claim · model-written summary
The ysl3 mutant had reduced grain size.
- Taxon
- BrachypodiumBrachypodiumt0
- Material
- ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutante0
- Treatment
- Failure to deliver coppere0
- Gene
- ysl3e0
- Outcome
- grain sizee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Failure to deliver copper, but not iron, zinc, or manganese to these structures in the ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutant results in delayed flowering, altered inflorescence architecture, reduced floret fertility, grain size, weight, and protein accumulation.”
t0“Brachypodium”
Claim · model-written summary
The ysl3 mutant had reduced weight.
- Taxon
- BrachypodiumBrachypodiumt0
- Material
- ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutante0
- Treatment
- Failure to deliver coppere0
- Gene
- ysl3e0
- Outcome
- weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Failure to deliver copper, but not iron, zinc, or manganese to these structures in the ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutant results in delayed flowering, altered inflorescence architecture, reduced floret fertility, grain size, weight, and protein accumulation.”
t0“Brachypodium”
Claim · model-written summary
The ysl3 mutant had reduced protein accumulation.
- Taxon
- BrachypodiumBrachypodiumt0
- Material
- ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutante0
- Treatment
- Failure to deliver coppere0
- Gene
- ysl3e0
- Outcome
- protein accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Failure to deliver copper, but not iron, zinc, or manganese to these structures in the ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutant results in delayed flowering, altered inflorescence architecture, reduced floret fertility, grain size, weight, and protein accumulation.”
t0“Brachypodium”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper supplementation rescued the mutant defects.
- Taxon
- BrachypodiumBrachypodiumt0
- Treatment
- copper supplementatione0
- Outcome
- defectse0
- Direction
- rescuede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These defects are rescued by copper supplementation and are complemented by YSL3 cDNA.”
t0“Brachypodium”
Claim · model-written summary
YSL3 cDNA complemented the mutant defects.
- Taxon
- BrachypodiumBrachypodiumt0
- Treatment
- YSL3 cDNAe0
- Gene
- YSL3e0
- Outcome
- defectse0
- Direction
- complementede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These defects are rescued by copper supplementation and are complemented by YSL3 cDNA.”
t0“Brachypodium”
The same questions in other papers
copper atom · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
30 papers in the same direction as this paper · 30 in the opposite direction
This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
- negative
- negative
- negative
57 papers more in this group
See all 61 papers →copper atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
62 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
71 papers more in this group
See all 75 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.