Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of various sources, methods, times and rates of Cu fertilizers on grain yield, protein concentration in grain, concentration of Cu in grain and uptake of Cu in grain of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and residual concentration of DTPA-extractable Cu in soil on a Cu-deficient soil near Porcupine Plain in northeastern Saskatchewan. The experiment was conducted from 1999 to 2002 on the same site, but the results for 2002 were not presented because of very low grain yield due to drought in the growing season. The 25 treatments included soil application of four granular Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate, Cu sulphate, Cu oxysulphate I and Cu oxysulphate II) as soil-incorporated (at 0.5 and 2.0 kg Cu ha -1 ), seedrow-placed (at 0.25 and 1.0 kg Cu ha -1 ) and foliar application of four solution Cu fertilizers (Cu chelate-EDTA, Cu sequestered I, Cu sulphate/chelate and Cu sequestered II at 0.25 kg Cu ha -1 ) at the four-leaf and flag-leaf growth stages, plus a zero-Cu check. Soil was tilled only once to incorporate all designated Cu and blanket fertilizers into the soil a few days prior to seeding. Wheat plants in the zero-Cu treatment exhibited Cu deficiency in all years. For foliar application at the flag-leaf stage, grain yield increased with all four of the Cu fertilizers in 2000 and 2001, and in all but Cu sequestered II in 1999. Foliar application at the four-leaf growth stage of three Cu fertilizers (Cu chelate-EDTA, Cu sequestered I and Cu sulphate/chelate), soil incorporation of all Cu fertilizers at 2 kg Cu ha -1 and two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 0.5 kg Cu ha -1 rate, and seedrow placement of two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 1 kg Cu ha -1 increased grain yield of wheat only in 2001. There was no effect of Cu fertilization on protein concentration in grain. The increase in concentration and uptake of Cu in grain from Cu fertilization usually showed a trend similar to grain yield. There was some increase in residual DTPA-extractable Cu in the 0–60 cm soil in Cu lignosulphonate, Cu sulphate and Cu oxysulphate II soil incorporation treatments, particularly at the 2 kg Cu ha -1 rate. In summary, the results indicate that foliar application of Cu fertilizers at the flag-leaf growth stage can be used for immediate correction of Cu deficiency in wheat. Because Cu deficiency in crops often occurs in irregular patches within fields, foliar application may be the most practical and economical way to correct Cu deficiency during the growing season, as lower Cu rates can correct Cu deficiency. Key words: Application time, Cu source, foliar application, granular Cu, growth stage, placement method, rate of Cu, seedrow-placed Cu, soil incorporation
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Cu fertilizer application at the flag-leaf stage increased wheat grain yield with all four Cu fertilizers in 2000 and 2001, and with all but Cu sequestered II in 1999, relative to the zero-Cu check.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- foliar application at the flag-leaf stagee1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- in 2000 and 2001e1
- Comparator
- zero-Cu checke2
- Setting
- fielde3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain yield of wheat”
e1“For foliar application at the flag-leaf stage, grain yield increased with all four of the Cu fertilizers in 2000 and 2001, and in all but Cu sequestered II in 1999”
e2“plus a zero-Cu check”
e3“A field experiment was conducted”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Cu application at the four-leaf stage increased wheat grain yield only in 2001.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application at the four-leaf growth stagee4
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- only in 2001e4
- Comparator
- zero-Cu checke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain yield of wheat”
e2“plus a zero-Cu check”
e4“Foliar application at the four-leaf growth stage of three Cu fertilizers (Cu chelate-EDTA, Cu sequestered I and Cu sulphate/chelate), soil incorporation of all Cu fertilizers at 2 kg Cu ha -1 and two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 0.5 kg Cu ha -1 rate, and seedrow placement of two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 1 kg Cu ha -1 increased grain yield of wheat only in 2001”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil incorporation of all Cu fertilizers at 2 kg Cu ha -1 increased wheat grain yield only in 2001.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- soil incorporation of all Cu fertilizers at 2 kg Cu ha -1e4
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- only in 2001e4
- Comparator
- zero-Cu checke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain yield of wheat”
e2“plus a zero-Cu check”
e4“Foliar application at the four-leaf growth stage of three Cu fertilizers (Cu chelate-EDTA, Cu sequestered I and Cu sulphate/chelate), soil incorporation of all Cu fertilizers at 2 kg Cu ha -1 and two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 0.5 kg Cu ha -1 rate, and seedrow placement of two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 1 kg Cu ha -1 increased grain yield of wheat only in 2001”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil incorporation of two Cu fertilizers at 0.5 kg Cu ha -1 increased wheat grain yield only in 2001.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 0.5 kg Cu ha -1 ratee4
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- only in 2001e4
- Comparator
- zero-Cu checke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain yield of wheat”
e2“plus a zero-Cu check”
e4“Foliar application at the four-leaf growth stage of three Cu fertilizers (Cu chelate-EDTA, Cu sequestered I and Cu sulphate/chelate), soil incorporation of all Cu fertilizers at 2 kg Cu ha -1 and two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 0.5 kg Cu ha -1 rate, and seedrow placement of two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 1 kg Cu ha -1 increased grain yield of wheat only in 2001”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedrow placement of two Cu fertilizers at 1 kg Cu ha -1 increased wheat grain yield only in 2001.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seedrow placement of two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 1 kg Cu ha -1e4
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- only in 2001e4
- Comparator
- zero-Cu checke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain yield of wheat”
e2“plus a zero-Cu check”
e4“Foliar application at the four-leaf growth stage of three Cu fertilizers (Cu chelate-EDTA, Cu sequestered I and Cu sulphate/chelate), soil incorporation of all Cu fertilizers at 2 kg Cu ha -1 and two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 0.5 kg Cu ha -1 rate, and seedrow placement of two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 1 kg Cu ha -1 increased grain yield of wheat only in 2001”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu fertilization had no effect on protein concentration in wheat grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cu fertilizatione5
- Outcome
- protein concentration in graine5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain yield of wheat”
e5“There was no effect of Cu fertilization on protein concentration in grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu concentration and uptake in grain increased with Cu fertilization, usually following a trend similar to grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cu fertilizatione6
- Outcome
- concentration and uptake of Cu in graine6
- Direction
- increasee6
- Qualifier
- usually showed a trend similar to grain yielde6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain yield of wheat”
e6“The increase in concentration and uptake of Cu in grain from Cu fertilization usually showed a trend similar to grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual DTPA-extractable Cu in the soil increased under soil incorporation of Cu lignosulphonate, Cu sulphate and Cu oxysulphate II, particularly at 2 kg Cu ha -1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cu lignosulphonate, Cu sulphate and Cu oxysulphate II soil incorporation treatmentse7
- Outcome
- residual DTPA-extractable Cue7
- Direction
- increasee7
- Qualifier
- particularly at the 2 kg Cu ha -1 ratee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain yield of wheat”
e7“There was some increase in residual DTPA-extractable Cu in the 0–60 cm soil in Cu lignosulphonate, Cu sulphate and Cu oxysulphate II soil incorporation treatments”
e2“particularly at the 2 kg Cu ha -1 rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of Cu fertilizers at the flag-leaf growth stage can be used for immediate correction of Cu deficiency in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of Cu fertilizers at the flag-leaf growth stagee2
- Outcome
- immediate correction of Cu deficiencye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain yield of wheat”
e2“the results indicate that foliar application of Cu fertilizers at the flag-leaf growth stage can be used for immediate correction of Cu deficiency in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application may be the most practical and economical way to correct Cu deficiency in wheat during the growing season.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar applicatione2
- Outcome
- correct Cu deficiencye2
- Qualifier
- during the growing seasone2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain yield of wheat”
e2“foliar application may be the most practical and economical way to correct Cu deficiency during the growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower Cu rates can correct Cu deficiency in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- lower Cu ratese2
- Outcome
- correct Cu deficiencye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain yield of wheat”
e2“as lower Cu rates can correct Cu deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat plants in the zero-Cu treatment exhibited Cu deficiency in all years.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- zero-Cu treatmente2
- Outcome
- Cu deficiencye2
- Qualifier
- in all yearse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“grain yield of wheat”
e2“Wheat plants in the zero-Cu treatment exhibited Cu deficiency in all years”
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See all 877 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.