Abstract
The effects of exogenously-sourced NO (nitric oxide, as 100 µM SNP) and proline (50 mM) in the protection of the photosynthetic performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress were investigated. The study focused on the mechanisms of proline accumulation, activity, gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, and NO generation. Plants were exposed to a temperature of 40 °C for 6 h per day over 15 days, then allowed to recover at 28 °C. Heat-stressed plants showed increased oxidative stress, with higher levels of H2O2 and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and increased proline accumulation, ACS activity, ethylene evolution, and NO generation, which in turn leads to increased accumulation of antioxidant enzymes and reduced photosynthetic attributes. In the tested wheat cultivar, the exogenous application of SNP and proline under heat stress improved the photosynthesis and reduced oxidative stress by enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant defense system. Potentially, the promoter AOX (alternative oxidase) played a role in maintaining redox homeostasis by lowering H2O2 and TBARS levels. The genes for GR antioxidant and photosystem II core protein encoding psbA and psbB were highly up-regulated in nitric oxide and proline treated heat-stressed plants, indicating that ethylene positively impacted photosynthesis under high temperature stress. Moreover, nitric oxide supplementation under high temperature stress optimized ethylene levels to regulate the assimilation and metabolism of proline and the antioxidant system, lowering the adverse effects. The study showed that nitric oxide and proline increased high temperature stress tolerance in wheat by increasing the osmolytes accumulation and the antioxidant system, resulting in enhanced photosynthesis.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Heat-stressed wheat showed increased oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Heat-stressede1
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress”
e1“Heat-stressed plants showed increased oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat-stressed wheat had higher levels of H2O2 and TBARS.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Heat-stressede1
- Outcome
- levels of H2O2 and TBARSe2
- Direction
- highere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress”
e1“Heat-stressed plants showed increased oxidative stress”
e2“with higher levels of H2O2 and TBARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat-stressed wheat had increased proline accumulation, ACS activity and ethylene evolution.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Heat-stressede1
- Outcome
- proline accumulation, ACS activity, ethylene evolutione3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress”
e1“Heat-stressed plants showed increased oxidative stress”
e3“increased proline accumulation, ACS activity, ethylene evolution, and NO generation”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat-stressed wheat had increased NO generation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Heat-stressede1
- Outcome
- NO generatione3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress”
e1“Heat-stressed plants showed increased oxidative stress”
e3“increased proline accumulation, ACS activity, ethylene evolution, and NO generation”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat-stressed wheat had reduced photosynthetic attributes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Heat-stressede1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic attributese4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress”
e1“Heat-stressed plants showed increased oxidative stress”
e4“reduced photosynthetic attributes”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat-stressed wheat had increased accumulation of antioxidant enzymes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Heat-stressede1
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymese5
- Direction
- increased accumulatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress”
e1“Heat-stressed plants showed increased oxidative stress”
e5“which in turn leads to increased accumulation of antioxidant enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous SNP and proline improved photosynthesis of heat-stressed wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of SNP and prolinee6
- Outcome
- photosynthesise6
- Direction
- improvede6
- Qualifier
- under heat stresse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress”
e6“the exogenous application of SNP and proline under heat stress improved the photosynthesis and reduced oxidative stress by enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant defense system”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous SNP and proline reduced oxidative stress of heat-stressed wheat by enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant defense system.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of SNP and prolinee6
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Qualifier
- by enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant defense systeme6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress”
e6“the exogenous application of SNP and proline under heat stress improved the photosynthesis and reduced oxidative stress by enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant defense system”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide and proline highly up-regulated the psbA and psbB genes in heat-stressed wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- nitric oxide and prolinee7
- Gene
- psbA and psbBe7
- Outcome
- genese7
- Direction
- highly up-regulatede7
- Qualifier
- GR antioxidante7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress”
e7“The genes for GR antioxidant and photosystem II core protein encoding psbA and psbB were highly up-regulated in nitric oxide and proline treated heat-stressed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene positively affected photosynthesis under high temperature stress in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Compound
- ethylenee1
- Outcome
- photosynthesise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress”
e1“indicating that ethylene positively impacted photosynthesis under high temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide supplementation optimized ethylene levels in heat-stressed wheat, regulating proline and the antioxidant system.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- nitric oxide supplementatione2
- Compound
- ethylenee2
- Outcome
- ethylene levelse2
- Qualifier
- to regulate the assimilation and metabolism of proline and the antioxidant systeme2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress”
e2“nitric oxide supplementation under high temperature stress optimized ethylene levels to regulate the assimilation and metabolism of proline and the antioxidant system”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide and proline increased high temperature stress tolerance in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- nitric oxide and prolinee3
- Outcome
- high temperature stress tolerancee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- by increasing the osmolytes accumulation and the antioxidant systeme3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress”
e3“The study showed that nitric oxide and proline increased high temperature stress tolerance in wheat by increasing the osmolytes accumulation and the antioxidant system, resulting in enhanced photosynthesis”
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See all 20 papers →8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.