Abstract
Nickel (Ni) is known as a plant micronutrient and serves as a component of many significant enzymes, however, it can be extremely toxic to plants when present in excess concentration. Scientists are looking for natural compounds that can influence the development processes of plants. Therefore, it was decided to use proline as a protective agent against Ni toxicity. Proline (Pro) is a popularly known osmoprotectant to regulate the biomass and developmental processes of plants under a variety of environmental stresses, but its role in the modulation of Ni-induced toxicity in wheat is very little explored. This investigation indicated the role of exogenously applied proline (10 mM) on two wheat varieties (V1 = Punjab-11, V2 = Ghazi-11) exposed to Ni (100 mg/kg) stress. Proline mediated a positive rejoinder on morphological, photosynthetic indices, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers, ion uptake were analyzed with and without Ni stress. Proline alone and in combination with Ni improved the growth, photosynthetic performance, and antioxidant capacity of wheat plants. However, Ni application alone exhibited strong oxidative damage through increased H2O2 (V1 = 28.96, V2 = 55.20) accumulation, lipid peroxidation (V1 = 26.09, V2 = 38.26%), and reduced translocation of macronutrients from root to shoot. Application of Pro to Ni-stressed wheat plants enhanced actions of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total soluble protein (TSP) contents by 45.70, 44.06, 43.40, and 25.11% in V1, and 39.32, 46.46, 42.22, 55.29% in V2, compared to control plants. The upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, proline accumulation, and uptake of essential mineral ions has maintained the equilibrium of Ni in both wheat cultivars, indicating Ni detoxification. This trial insight into an awareness that foliar application of proline can be utilized as a potent biochemical method in mitigating Ni-induced stress and might serve as a strong remedial technique for the decontamination of polluted soil particularly with metals.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Proline improved wheat growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant capacity with and without nickel.
- Taxon
- wheat plants
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Proline alone and in combination with Nie0
- Outcome
- growth, photosynthetic performance, and antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proline alone and in combination with Ni improved the growth, photosynthetic performance, and antioxidant capacity of wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel increased hydrogen peroxide accumulation in Punjab-11.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- V1e0
- Treatment
- Ni application alonee0
- Outcome
- H2O2e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.96e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ni application alone exhibited strong oxidative damage through increased H2O2 (V1 = 28.96, V2 = 55.20) accumulation”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel increased hydrogen peroxide accumulation in Ghazi-11.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- V2e0
- Treatment
- Ni application alonee0
- Outcome
- H2O2e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 55.20e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ni application alone exhibited strong oxidative damage through increased H2O2 (V1 = 28.96, V2 = 55.20) accumulation”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel increased lipid peroxidation in Punjab-11.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- V1e0
- Treatment
- Ni application alonee1
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 26.09e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lipid peroxidation (V1 = 26.09, V2 = 38.26%)”
t0“wheat”
e1“Ni application alone exhibited strong oxidative damage through increased H2O2 (V1 = 28.96, V2 = 55.20) accumulation, lipid peroxidation (V1 = 26.09, V2 = 38.26%), and reduced translocation of macronutrients from root to shoot”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel increased lipid peroxidation in Ghazi-11.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- V2e0
- Treatment
- Ni application alonee1
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 38.26%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lipid peroxidation (V1 = 26.09, V2 = 38.26%)”
t0“wheat”
e1“Ni application alone exhibited strong oxidative damage through increased H2O2 (V1 = 28.96, V2 = 55.20) accumulation, lipid peroxidation (V1 = 26.09, V2 = 38.26%), and reduced translocation of macronutrients from root to shoot”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel reduced root-to-shoot macronutrient translocation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ni application alonee1
- Outcome
- translocation of macronutrients from root to shoote0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced translocation of macronutrients from root to shoot”
t0“wheat”
e1“Ni application alone exhibited strong oxidative damage through increased H2O2 (V1 = 28.96, V2 = 55.20) accumulation, lipid peroxidation (V1 = 26.09, V2 = 38.26%), and reduced translocation of macronutrients from root to shoot”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased catalase action in nickel-stressed Punjab-11 by 45.70%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- V1e0
- Treatment
- Proe0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 45.70e0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced actions of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total soluble protein (TSP) contents by 45.70, 44.06, 43.40, and 25.11% in V1”
t0“wheat”
e1“compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased peroxidase action in nickel-stressed Punjab-11 by 44.06%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- V1e0
- Treatment
- Proe0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 44.06e0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced actions of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total soluble protein (TSP) contents by 45.70, 44.06, 43.40, and 25.11% in V1”
t0“wheat”
e1“compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased superoxide dismutase action in nickel-stressed Punjab-11 by 43.40%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- V1e0
- Treatment
- Proe0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 43.40e0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced actions of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total soluble protein (TSP) contents by 45.70, 44.06, 43.40, and 25.11% in V1”
t0“wheat”
e1“compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased total soluble protein in nickel-stressed Punjab-11 by 25.11%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- V1e0
- Treatment
- Proe0
- Outcome
- total soluble protein (TSP) contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 25.11%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced actions of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total soluble protein (TSP) contents by 45.70, 44.06, 43.40, and 25.11% in V1”
t0“wheat”
e1“compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased catalase action in nickel-stressed Ghazi-11 by 39.32%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- V2e0
- Treatment
- Proe1
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 39.32e0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“39.32, 46.46, 42.22, 55.29% in V2”
t0“wheat”
e1“Application of Pro to Ni-stressed wheat plants enhanced actions of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total soluble protein (TSP) contents by 45.70, 44.06, 43.40, and 25.11% in V1, and 39.32, 46.46, 42.22, 55.29% in V2, compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased peroxidase action in nickel-stressed Ghazi-11 by 46.46%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- V2e0
- Treatment
- Proe1
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 46.46e0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“39.32, 46.46, 42.22, 55.29% in V2”
t0“wheat”
e1“Application of Pro to Ni-stressed wheat plants enhanced actions of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total soluble protein (TSP) contents by 45.70, 44.06, 43.40, and 25.11% in V1, and 39.32, 46.46, 42.22, 55.29% in V2, compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased superoxide dismutase action in nickel-stressed Ghazi-11 by 42.22%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- V2e0
- Treatment
- Proe1
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 42.22e0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“39.32, 46.46, 42.22, 55.29% in V2”
t0“wheat”
e1“Application of Pro to Ni-stressed wheat plants enhanced actions of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total soluble protein (TSP) contents by 45.70, 44.06, 43.40, and 25.11% in V1, and 39.32, 46.46, 42.22, 55.29% in V2, compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased total soluble protein in nickel-stressed Ghazi-11 by 55.29%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- V2e0
- Treatment
- Proe1
- Outcome
- total soluble protein (TSP) contentse1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 55.29%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“39.32, 46.46, 42.22, 55.29% in V2”
t0“wheat”
e1“Application of Pro to Ni-stressed wheat plants enhanced actions of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total soluble protein (TSP) contents by 45.70, 44.06, 43.40, and 25.11% in V1, and 39.32, 46.46, 42.22, 55.29% in V2, compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant upregulation, proline accumulation, and mineral uptake maintained nickel equilibrium in both wheat cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- equilibrium of Nie0
- Qualifier
- upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, proline accumulation, and uptake of essential mineral ionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, proline accumulation, and uptake of essential mineral ions has maintained the equilibrium of Ni in both wheat cultivars”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose foliar proline to mitigate nickel stress and decontaminate metal-polluted soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of prolinee0
- Outcome
- mitigating Ni-induced stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of proline can be utilized as a potent biochemical method in mitigating Ni-induced stress and might serve as a strong remedial technique for the decontamination of polluted soil particularly with metals”
t0“wheat”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.