Abstract
Abstract One of the most significant environmental challenges in the twenty-first century is heavy metal pollution. The potential use of fresh Azolla pinnata to alleviate the toxic effects of Cd and Co on the germination measurements of wheat seeds ( Triticum aestivum L.) and the biochemistry of seedlings was studied. Two concentrations (80 and 100 mg L −1 solutions) of CdNO 3 and CoCl 2 were used before and after treatment with A. pinnata . The highest removal efficiency (RE) by A. pinnata was obtained on the fifth day, with a Cd RE = 55.9 and 49.9% at 80 and 100 mg L −1 , respectively. Cadmium and cobalt solutions reduced the germination percentage, and the measured variables of wheat seeds meanwhile increased the radicle phytotoxicity. In contrast, the presence of A. pinnata in the germination medium increased all the measured variables and decreased radicle phytotoxicity. At 80 and 100 mg L −1 , Cd significantly reduced the fresh and dry biomass, and height of wheat seedlings after 21 days of cultivation compared to Co. Cadmium and high concentrations of cobalt increased the contents of H 2 O 2 , proline, MDA, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds. The application of treated Cd and Co solutions by A. pinnata showed a decrease in H 2 O 2 , proline, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds levels accompanied by a reduction in catalase and peroxidase activities compared to the control. This study showed the positive role of A. pinnata in alleviating the metal impacts, particularly Cd, on the seedling growth of wheat and its germination.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
A. pinnata removed Cd most efficiently on day five, with 55.9% removal at 80 mg L −1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germination measurements of wheat seeds”
e1“The highest removal efficiency (RE) by A. pinnata was obtained on the fifth day, with a Cd RE = 55.9 and 49.9% at 80 and 100 mg L −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
A. pinnata removed 49.9% Cd at 100 mg L −1 on day five.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Outcome
- Cd REe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 49.9%e1
- Qualifier
- on the fifth daye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germination measurements of wheat seeds”
e1“The highest removal efficiency (RE) by A. pinnata was obtained on the fifth day, with a Cd RE = 55.9 and 49.9% at 80 and 100 mg L −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium solutions reduced wheat seed germination and measured variables while increasing radicle phytotoxicity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Cadmiume1
- Outcome
- germination percentage, and the measured variables of wheat seedse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the germination measurements of wheat seeds”
e1“Cadmium and cobalt solutions reduced the germination percentage, and the measured variables of wheat seeds meanwhile increased the radicle phytotoxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt solutions reduced wheat seed germination and measured variables.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- cobalt solutionse0
- Outcome
- germination percentage, and the measured variables of wheat seedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium and cobalt solutions reduced the germination percentage, and the measured variables of wheat seeds meanwhile increased the radicle phytotoxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium solutions increased wheat radicle phytotoxicity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Cadmiume1
- Outcome
- radicle phytotoxicitye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the germination measurements of wheat seeds”
e1“Cadmium and cobalt solutions reduced the germination percentage, and the measured variables of wheat seeds meanwhile increased the radicle phytotoxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt solutions increased wheat radicle phytotoxicity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- cobalt solutionse1
- Outcome
- radicle phytotoxicitye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the germination measurements of wheat seeds”
e1“Cadmium and cobalt solutions reduced the germination percentage, and the measured variables of wheat seeds meanwhile increased the radicle phytotoxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
A. pinnata in germination medium increased measured wheat seed variables.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- presence of A. pinnata in the germination mediume1
- Outcome
- all the measured variablese1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the germination measurements of wheat seeds”
e1“the presence of A. pinnata in the germination medium increased all the measured variables and decreased radicle phytotoxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
A. pinnata in germination medium decreased wheat radicle phytotoxicity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- presence of A. pinnata in the germination mediume1
- Outcome
- radicle phytotoxicitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the germination measurements of wheat seeds”
e1“the presence of A. pinnata in the germination medium increased all the measured variables and decreased radicle phytotoxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd at both doses significantly reduced wheat seedling biomass and height relative to Co.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry biomass, and height of wheat seedlingse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- At 80 and 100 mg L −1e0
- Comparator
- Coe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 80 and 100 mg L −1 , Cd significantly reduced the fresh and dry biomass, and height of wheat seedlings after 21 days of cultivation compared to Co”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased wheat seedling H2O2, proline, MDA, phenolic, and flavonoid content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Cadmiume1
- Outcome
- contents of H 2 O 2 , proline, MDA, phenolic, and flavonoid compoundse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat seedlings”
e1“Cadmium and high concentrations of cobalt increased the contents of H 2 O 2 , proline, MDA, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds”
Claim · model-written summary
High cobalt concentrations increased wheat seedling H2O2, proline, MDA, phenolic, and flavonoid content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- high concentrations of cobalte1
- Outcome
- contents of H 2 O 2 , proline, MDA, phenolic, and flavonoid compoundse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat seedlings”
e1“Cadmium and high concentrations of cobalt increased the contents of H 2 O 2 , proline, MDA, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds”
Claim · model-written summary
A. pinnata treatment of Cd solutions decreased wheat seedling H2O2, proline, phenolic and flavonoid levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- treated Cde1
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 , proline, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds levelse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat seedlings”
e1“The application of treated Cd and Co solutions by A. pinnata showed a decrease in H 2 O 2 , proline, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds levels accompanied by a reduction in catalase and peroxidase activities compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
A. pinnata treatment of Co solutions decreased wheat seedling H2O2, proline, phenolic and flavonoid levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Co solutions by A. pinnatae1
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 , proline, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds levelse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat seedlings”
e1“The application of treated Cd and Co solutions by A. pinnata showed a decrease in H 2 O 2 , proline, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds levels accompanied by a reduction in catalase and peroxidase activities compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
A. pinnata treatment of Cd solutions reduced wheat catalase and peroxidase activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- treated Cde1
- Outcome
- catalase and peroxidase activitiese1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat seedlings”
e1“The application of treated Cd and Co solutions by A. pinnata showed a decrease in H 2 O 2 , proline, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds levels accompanied by a reduction in catalase and peroxidase activities compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
A. pinnata treatment of Co solutions reduced wheat catalase and peroxidase activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Co solutions by A. pinnatae1
- Outcome
- catalase and peroxidase activitiese1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat seedlings”
e1“The application of treated Cd and Co solutions by A. pinnata showed a decrease in H 2 O 2 , proline, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds levels accompanied by a reduction in catalase and peroxidase activities compared to the control”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.