Abstract
) stress on wheat growth and development. To alleviate this problem, a pot experiment was done to analyze the role of sulfur-rich thiourea (STU) in accelerating the defense system of wheat plants against cobalt toxicity. The experimental treatments were, i) Heavy metal stress (a) control and (b) Cobalt stress (300 µM), ii) STU foliar applications; (a) control and (b) 500 µM single dose was applied after seven days of stress, and iii) Wheat varieties (a) FSD-2008 and (b) Zincol-2016. The results revealed that cobalt stress decreased chlorophyll a by 10%, chlorophyll b by 16%, and carotenoids by 5% while foliar application of STU increased these photosynthetic pigments by 16%, 15%, and 15% respectively under stress conditions as in contrast to control. In addition, cobalt stress enhances hydrogen peroxide production by 11% and malondialdehyde (MDA) by 10%. In comparison, STU applications at 500 µM reduced the production of these reactive oxygen species by 5% and by 20% by up-regulating the activities of antioxidants. Results have revealed that the activities of SOD improved by 29%, POD by 25%, and CAT by 28% under Cobalt stress. Furthermore, the foliar application of STU significantly increased the accumulation of osmoprotectants as TSS was increased by 23% and proline was increased by 24% under cobalt stress. Among wheat varieties, FSD-2008 showed better adaptation under Cobalt stress by showing enhanced photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant activities compared to Zincol-2016. In conclusion, the foliar-applied STU can alleviate the negative impacts of Cobalt stress by improving plant physiological attributes and upregulating the antioxidant defense system in wheat.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt stress decreased chlorophyll a by 10%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- cobalt stresse1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 10%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e1“cobalt stress decreased chlorophyll a by 10%, chlorophyll b by 16%, and carotenoids by 5%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt stress decreased chlorophyll b by 16%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cobalt stresse1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 16%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e1“cobalt stress decreased chlorophyll a by 10%, chlorophyll b by 16%, and carotenoids by 5%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt stress decreased carotenoids by 5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cobalt stresse1
- Outcome
- carotenoidse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 5%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e1“cobalt stress decreased chlorophyll a by 10%, chlorophyll b by 16%, and carotenoids by 5%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt stress enhanced hydrogen peroxide production by 11%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cobalt stresse3
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide productione3
- Direction
- enhancese3
- Value
- 11%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e3“cobalt stress enhances hydrogen peroxide production by 11% and malondialdehyde (MDA) by 10%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt stress enhanced malondialdehyde (MDA) by 10%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cobalt stresse3
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e3
- Direction
- enhancese3
- Value
- 10%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e3“cobalt stress enhances hydrogen peroxide production by 11% and malondialdehyde (MDA) by 10%”
Claim · model-written summary
STU applied at 500 µM reduced the production of reactive oxygen species by 5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- STU applications at 500 µMe4
- Outcome
- production of these reactive oxygen speciese4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 5%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e4“STU applications at 500 µM reduced the production of these reactive oxygen species by 5% and by 20%”
Claim · model-written summary
STU applied at 500 µM reduced the production of reactive oxygen species by 20%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- STU applications at 500 µMe4
- Outcome
- production of these reactive oxygen speciese4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 20%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e4“STU applications at 500 µM reduced the production of these reactive oxygen species by 5% and by 20%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt stress was associated with a 29% improvement in SOD activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cobalt stresse5
- Outcome
- activities of SODe5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 29%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e5“the activities of SOD improved by 29%, POD by 25%, and CAT by 28% under Cobalt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt stress was associated with a 25% improvement in POD activity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e5“the activities of SOD improved by 29%, POD by 25%, and CAT by 28% under Cobalt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt stress was associated with a 28% improvement in CAT activity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e5“the activities of SOD improved by 29%, POD by 25%, and CAT by 28% under Cobalt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar STU increased chlorophyll a by 16% relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of STUe2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae1
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 16%e2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e1“cobalt stress decreased chlorophyll a by 10%, chlorophyll b by 16%, and carotenoids by 5%”
e2“foliar application of STU increased these photosynthetic pigments by 16%, 15%, and 15% respectively under stress conditions as in contrast to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar STU increased chlorophyll b by 15% relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of STUe2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be1
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 15%e2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e1“cobalt stress decreased chlorophyll a by 10%, chlorophyll b by 16%, and carotenoids by 5%”
e2“foliar application of STU increased these photosynthetic pigments by 16%, 15%, and 15% respectively under stress conditions as in contrast to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar STU increased carotenoids by 15% relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of STUe2
- Outcome
- carotenoidse1
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 15%e2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e1“cobalt stress decreased chlorophyll a by 10%, chlorophyll b by 16%, and carotenoids by 5%”
e2“foliar application of STU increased these photosynthetic pigments by 16%, 15%, and 15% respectively under stress conditions as in contrast to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar STU significantly increased total soluble solids (TSS) by 23% under cobalt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the foliar application of STUe6
- Outcome
- TSSe6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 23%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e6“the foliar application of STU significantly increased the accumulation of osmoprotectants as TSS was increased by 23% and proline was increased by 24% under cobalt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar STU significantly increased proline by 24% under cobalt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the foliar application of STUe6
- Outcome
- prolinee6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 24%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e6“the foliar application of STU significantly increased the accumulation of osmoprotectants as TSS was increased by 23% and proline was increased by 24% under cobalt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
FSD-2008 showed better adaptation than Zincol-2016 under cobalt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- FSD-2008e7
- Treatment
- Cobalt stresse7
- Outcome
- adaptatione7
- Direction
- bettere7
- Comparator
- Zincol-2016e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cobalt stress in wheat”
e7“FSD-2008 showed better adaptation under Cobalt stress by showing enhanced photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant activities compared to Zincol-2016”
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See all 21 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.