Abstract
In this study, field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated with normal (Nn) and excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer N. Results showed that Ne depressed the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase and increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was higher under Ne at anthesis and medium milk but similar at the early dough stage and significantly lower at the hard dough stage than that under Nn. The metabolomics analysis of the leaf responses to Ne during grain filling showed 99 metabolites that were different between Ne and Nn treatments, including phenolic and flavonoid compounds, amino acids, organic acids and lipids, which are primarily involved in ROS scavenging, N metabolism, heat stress adaptation and disease resistance. Organic carbon (C) and total N contents were affected by the Ne treatment, with lower C/N ratios developing after medium milk. Ultimately, grain yields decreased with Ne. Based on these data, compared with the normal N fertilizer treatment, we concluded that excessive N application decreased the ability to scavenge ROS, increased lipid peroxidation and caused significant metabolic changes disturbing N metabolism, secondary metabolism and lipid metabolism, which led to reduced grain filling in wheat.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Excess nitrogen depressed superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer Ne1
- Outcome
- activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidasee0
- Direction
- depressede0
- Comparator
- normal (Nn)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ne depressed the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase”
e1“field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated with normal (Nn) and excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer N”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess nitrogen increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer Ne1
- Outcome
- accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- normal (Nn)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde”
e1“field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated with normal (Nn) and excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer N”
Claim · model-written summary
NDVI was higher with excess nitrogen at anthesis and medium milk.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- anthesis and medium milke0
- Treatment
- Nee0
- Outcome
- normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- normal (Nn)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was higher under Ne at anthesis and medium milk”
e1“field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated with normal (Nn) and excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer N”
Claim · model-written summary
NDVI was similar under both nitrogen levels at early dough.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Organ / stage
- early dough stagee0
- Treatment
- Nee1
- Outcome
- normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)e1
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- Nne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“similar at the early dough stage”
e1“The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was higher under Ne at anthesis and medium milk but similar at the early dough stage and significantly lower at the hard dough stage than that under Nn”
e2“field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated with normal (Nn) and excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer N”
Claim · model-written summary
NDVI was significantly lower with excess nitrogen at hard dough.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Organ / stage
- hard dough stagee0
- Treatment
- Nee1
- Outcome
- normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)e1
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- Nne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly lower at the hard dough stage than that under Nn”
e1“The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was higher under Ne at anthesis and medium milk but similar at the early dough stage and significantly lower at the hard dough stage than that under Nn”
e2“field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated with normal (Nn) and excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer N”
Claim · model-written summary
Ninety nine leaf metabolites differed between excess and normal nitrogen treatments during grain filling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Nee0
- Outcome
- metabolitese0
- Direction
- differente0
- Value
- 99 metabolitese0
- Comparator
- Nne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“99 metabolites that were different between Ne and Nn treatments, including phenolic and flavonoid compounds, amino acids, organic acids and lipids”
e1“field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated with normal (Nn) and excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer N”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess nitrogen affected organic carbon and total nitrogen contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Nee0
- Outcome
- Organic carbon (C) and total N contentse0
- Comparator
- normal (Nn)e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic carbon (C) and total N contents were affected by the Ne treatment”
e1“field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated with normal (Nn) and excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer N”
Claim · model-written summary
C to N ratios became lower after medium milk under excess nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Organ / stage
- medium milke0
- Treatment
- Nee1
- Outcome
- C/N ratiose0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- normal (Nn)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower C/N ratios developing after medium milk”
e1“Organic carbon (C) and total N contents were affected by the Ne treatment”
e2“field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated with normal (Nn) and excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer N”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield decreased with excess nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Nee0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- normal (Nn)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yields decreased with Ne”
e1“field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated with normal (Nn) and excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer N”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that excess nitrogen reduced ROS scavenging capacity and increased lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- excessive N applicatione0
- Outcome
- ability to scavenge ROS, increased lipid peroxidatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excessive N application decreased the ability to scavenge ROS, increased lipid peroxidation”
e1“field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated with normal (Nn) and excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer N”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that excess nitrogen disturbed nitrogen, secondary and lipid metabolism, reducing grain filling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- reduced grain fillinge0
- Qualifier
- metabolic changes disturbing N metabolism, secondary metabolism and lipid metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant metabolic changes disturbing N metabolism, secondary metabolism and lipid metabolism, which led to reduced grain filling in wheat”
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See all 34 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.