Abstract
Introduction Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L .) is a strategic crop and one of the world's most essential cereals, providing most of the world's calories and protein needs. Drought stress is one of the main limitations for crop production such as wheat in arid and semi-arid regions. Plants can accumulate antioxidants, carbohydrates, and stress hormones that stimulate cell and molecular regeneration under stress conditions. Irrigation saves water, improves crop photosynthesis, and increases plant ability to absorb water and elements from soil. Therefore, irrigation at the right time or supplementary irrigation can help plant growth and crop yield under drought conditions. Appropriate nutrition with fertilizers increases plants' stress tolerance. Bio-fertilizers are restorative elements used in soil to improve tolerance to stresses such as drought stress. A well-known class of bio-fertilizers is plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). These rhizosphere bacteria affect plant development and productivity by interacting with roots. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) alleviate drought stress in plants by enhancing their ability to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Seaweed extract bio-fertilizer is organic matter used to increase crop growth and soil fertility. This bio-fertilizer is utilized as growth stimulants and food supplements. Our research analyzed the effects of rhizobia and seaweed extracts on wheat's drought resistance mechanisms. Materials and methods This research was conducted in Iran in the crop years of 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 in the research farm of Kurdistan University Faculty of Agriculture located in Dehgolan with coordinates 47°18′ 55″ East and 35°19′ 10″ North with an altitude of 1866 meters above sea level, 45 kilometers east It was done on the wheat plant in Sanandaj city. The experiment was conducted in the form of a split-split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications. Irrigation treatments as the main factor (no irrigation or dry-land, one irrigation in the booting stage, two irrigations in the booting and spike stages), two wheat cultivars (Sardari and Sirvan) as secondary factors, and the application of biological fertilizers at eight levels including Mycorrhiza + Nitrozist and Phosphozist, Seaweed extract + Nitrozist and Phosphozist, Mycorrhiza + Seaweed extract, Mycorrhiza + Nitrozist and Phosphozist and no application of biological fertilizers (control) as Sub-sub-factors were considered. Results and discussion According to the study, when bio-fertilizer was applied with once and twice supplementary irrigation levels, leaf relative water content (RWC) and soluble protein content (SPC) increased, while lack of irrigation increased malondialdehyde (MDA). In both years, bio-fertilizers, especially their combinations, increased the amount and activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenol (Phe), flavonoid (Fla), and anthocyanin (Anth). Also, it enhanced the inhibition of free radicals by 2-2-Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and cleared active oxygen species. It was found that malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were very low in wheat under two times irrigation with averages of 3.3909 and 3.3865 μmol g −1 FW. The results indicated a significant positive relationship between non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants such as Phe, Fla, Anth, DPPH, POD, and SOD enzymes and their role in improving stress under dry-land conditions, especially in the Sardari variety. Biological fertilizers (Mycorrhiza + Nitrozist and Phosphozist + Seaweed extract) increased wheat yield compared to the control. Furthermore, Mycorrhiza + Nitrozist and Phosphozist + Seaweed extract improved grain yield by 8.04% and 6.96% in the 1st and 2nd years, respectively. Therefore, appropriate combinations of microorganisms, beneficial biological compounds, and supplementary irrigation can reduce the adverse effects of drought stress in arid and semi-arid regions.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizer with one or two supplementary irrigations increased wheat leaf relative water content and soluble protein.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- bio-fertilizer was applied with once and twice supplementary irrigation levelse0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water content (RWC) and soluble protein content (SPC)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when bio-fertilizer was applied with once and twice supplementary irrigation levels, leaf relative water content (RWC) and soluble protein content (SPC) increased”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Lack of irrigation increased wheat malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- lack of irrigatione0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lack of irrigation increased malondialdehyde (MDA)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizers increased peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity in both years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bio-fertilizerse2
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- In both yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both years, bio-fertilizers, especially their combinations, increased the amount and activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenol (Phe), flavonoid (Fla), and anthocyanin (Anth).”
t0“wheat”
e2“In both years, bio-fertilizers, especially their combinations, increased the amount and activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenol (Phe), flavonoid (Fla), and anthocyanin (Anth).”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizers increased phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin amounts in both years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bio-fertilizerse2
- Outcome
- phenol (Phe), flavonoid (Fla), and anthocyanin (Anth)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both years, bio-fertilizers, especially their combinations, increased the amount and activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenol (Phe), flavonoid (Fla), and anthocyanin (Anth).”
t0“wheat”
e2“In both years, bio-fertilizers, especially their combinations, increased the amount and activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenol (Phe), flavonoid (Fla), and anthocyanin (Anth).”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizers enhanced free-radical inhibition and active oxygen species clearance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bio-fertilizerse2
- Outcome
- inhibition of free radicals by 2-2-Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and cleared active oxygen speciese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Also, it enhanced the inhibition of free radicals by 2-2-Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and cleared active oxygen species.”
t0“wheat”
e2“In both years, bio-fertilizers, especially their combinations, increased the amount and activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenol (Phe), flavonoid (Fla), and anthocyanin (Anth).”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat malondialdehyde under twice irrigation averaged 3.3909 μmol g −1 FW.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- two times irrigatione0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) levelse0
- Direction
- very lowe0
- Value
- 3.3909e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were very low in wheat under two times irrigation with averages of 3.3909 and 3.3865 μmol g −1 FW.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat malondialdehyde under twice irrigation averaged 3.3865 μmol g −1 FW in the other year.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- two times irrigatione0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) levelse0
- Direction
- very lowe0
- Value
- 3.3865 μmol g −1 FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were very low in wheat under two times irrigation with averages of 3.3909 and 3.3865 μmol g −1 FW.”
Claim · model-written summary
Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants had a significant positive relation under dry-land conditions, especially in Sardari.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Sardarie0
- Outcome
- improving stresse0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- under dry-land conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated a significant positive relationship between non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants such as Phe, Fla, Anth, DPPH, POD, and SOD enzymes and their role in improving stress under dry-land conditions, especially in the Sardari variety.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined biological fertilizers increased wheat yield relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhiza + Nitrozist and Phosphozist + Seaweed extracte0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biological fertilizers (Mycorrhiza + Nitrozist and Phosphozist + Seaweed extract) increased wheat yield compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined fertilizer improved grain yield 8.04% in the first year.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhiza + Nitrozist and Phosphozist + Seaweed extracte0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 8.04%e0
- Qualifier
- 1ste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhiza + Nitrozist and Phosphozist + Seaweed extract improved grain yield by 8.04% and 6.96% in the 1st and 2nd years, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined fertilizer improved grain yield 6.96% in the second year.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhiza + Nitrozist and Phosphozist + Seaweed extracte0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 6.96%e0
- Qualifier
- 2nde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhiza + Nitrozist and Phosphozist + Seaweed extract improved grain yield by 8.04% and 6.96% in the 1st and 2nd years, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · physiology: oxidative · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →inoculation · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
31 papers more in this group
See all 35 papers →inoculation · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
43 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
43 papers more in this group
See all 47 papers →mycorrhiza · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
94 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
99 papers more in this group
See all 103 papers →inoculation · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
103 papers in the same direction as this paper · 59 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
160 papers more in this group
See all 164 papers →other · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
205 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
219 papers more in this group
See all 223 papers →irrigation · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
252 papers in the same direction as this paper · 49 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
299 papers more in this group
See all 303 papers →inoculation · quality: phytochemicals · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
12 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.