Abstract
A three factor experiment with winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) was carried out during two years on a coarse sandy soil in Denmark. The factors comprised four irrigation strategies including no irrigation, three nitrogen levels providing 67, 83 or 100% of the recommended nitrogen rate, and two strategies for control of leaf diseases (with and without fungicides). Different varieties were used in the two years, Pepital in the first year and Hussar in the second year. Mildew dominated the trial in the first year, but was almost absent in the second year. Septoria occurred in both years, but most severely in the second year. Irrigation increased grain yield, but there were no significant differences between the three strategies, where irrigation was applied. The effect of irrigation on yield was almost solely via an effect of increased transpiration, whereas water use efficiency and harvest index was unaffected. There was a significant interaction for grain yield between irrigation and nitrogen strategies with higher irrigation effects at higher nitrogen rates. This interaction was absent at high disease levels. Increasing nitrogen rate increased grain yield in the second year, but not in the first year. This was attributed to an increasing mildew incidence with increasing nitrogen rate. Irrigation also increased mildew incidence. This caused significant interactions for grain yield between fungicide application and nitrogen rate and between fungicide application and irrigation strategy. Septoria was also significantly affected by both nitrogen and irrigation strategies, but to a lesser degree and not in a consistent manner. The main effect of disease on grain yield was through a reduction in harvest index and a reduction in grain weight. Increasing nitrogen rates slightly reduced harvest index both on a dry matter and on a nitrogen basis. The interaction effects were smaller than the effects of the main factors, and the effect of changes in irrigation or nitrogen strategy on disease incidence could not substitute for the effective disease control obtained by fungicides. The results do, however, indicate possibilities of improving the efficiency of current decision support systems for both fungicide control by better timing of application and irrigation scheduling by reducing water application.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Mildew dominated the first trial year and was nearly absent in the second.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Interactor
- Mildewe0pathogen
- Outcome
- Mildewe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mildew dominated the trial in the first year, but was almost absent in the second year.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Septoria occurred in both years and was most severe in the second.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Septoriae0
SeptoriaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Septoria occurred in both years, but most severely in the second year.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation increased grain yield, but there were no significant differences between the three strategies, where irrigation was applied.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The three irrigated strategies did not differ significantly in wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- three strategiese0
- Outcome
- Yieldt0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- three strategiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were no significant differences between the three strategies, where irrigation was applied.”
t0“winter wheat on a sandy soil. I. Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased transpiration, explaining almost all of its yield effect.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- increased transpiratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of irrigation on yield was almost solely via an effect of increased transpiration”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation left water use efficiency unaffected.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irrigationt0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency and harvest index was unaffected.”
t0“Irrigation strategy, nitrogen application and fungicide control in winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation left harvest index unaffected.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irrigationt0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency and harvest index was unaffected.”
t0“Irrigation strategy, nitrogen application and fungicide control in winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation had greater yield effects at higher nitrogen rates.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation and nitrogen strategiese0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a significant interaction for grain yield between irrigation and nitrogen strategies with higher irrigation effects at higher nitrogen rates.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The irrigation by nitrogen yield interaction was absent at high disease levels.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- interactione0
- Qualifier
- high disease levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This interaction was absent at high disease levels.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen increased grain yield in the second year.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing nitrogen ratee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- second yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing nitrogen rate increased grain yield in the second year, but not in the first year.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen did not increase grain yield in the first year.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing nitrogen ratee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
- Qualifier
- first yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing nitrogen rate increased grain yield in the second year, but not in the first year.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen increased mildew incidence.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen ratee0
- Interactor
- mildewe0pathogen
- Outcome
- mildew incidencee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing mildew incidence with increasing nitrogen rate.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased mildew incidence.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Interactor
- mildewe0pathogen
- Outcome
- mildew incidencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation also increased mildew incidence.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide and nitrogen rate interacted significantly for grain yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fungicide application and nitrogen ratee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant interactions for grain yield between fungicide application and nitrogen rate and between fungicide application and irrigation strategy.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide and irrigation strategy interacted significantly for grain yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fungicide application and irrigation strategye0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant interactions for grain yield between fungicide application and nitrogen rate and between fungicide application and irrigation strategy.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen and irrigation significantly but inconsistently affected Septoria.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen and irrigation strategiese0
- Outcome
- Septoriae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Septoria was also significantly affected by both nitrogen and irrigation strategies, but to a lesser degree and not in a consistent manner.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease reduced harvest index and grain weight.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- reduction in harvest index and a reduction in grain weighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main effect of disease on grain yield was through a reduction in harvest index and a reduction in grain weight.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen slightly reduced harvest index on dry matter and nitrogen bases.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing nitrogen ratese0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing nitrogen rates slightly reduced harvest index both on a dry matter and on a nitrogen basis.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Changes in irrigation or nitrogen strategy could not replace fungicide disease control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- changes in irrigation or nitrogen strategye0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Comparator
- fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effect of changes in irrigation or nitrogen strategy on disease incidence could not substitute for the effective disease control obtained by fungicides.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest better timing of fungicide applications and reduced irrigation water could improve decision support.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- improving the efficiency of current decision support systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improving the efficiency of current decision support systems for both fungicide control by better timing of application and irrigation scheduling by reducing water application.”
t0“winter wheat”
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