Abstract
The ridge furrow (RF) rainwater harvesting system is an efficient way to enhance rainwater accessibility for crops and increase winter wheat productivity in semi-arid regions. However, the RF system has not been promoted widely in the semi-arid regions, which primarily exist in remote hilly areas. To exploit its efficiency on a large-scale, the RF system needs to be tested at different amounts of simulated precipitation combined with deficit irrigation. Therefore in during the 2015-16 and 2016-17 winter wheat growing seasons, we examined the effects of two planting patterns: (1) the RF system and (2) traditional flat planting (TF) with three deficit irrigation levels (150, 75, 0 mm) under three simulated rainfall intensity (1: 275, 2: 200, 3: 125 mm), and determined soil water storage profile, evapotranspiration rate, grain filling rate, biomass, grain yield, and net economic return. Over the two study years, the RF treatment with 200 mm simulated rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigation (RF2150) significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil water storage in the depth of (200 cm); reduced ET at the field scale by 33%; increased total dry matter accumulation per plant; increased the grain-filling rate; and improved biomass (11%) and grain (19%) yields. The RF2150 treatment thus achieved a higher WUE (76%) and RIWP (21%) compared to TF. Grain-filling rates, grain weight of superior and inferior grains, and net economic profit of winter wheat responded positively to simulated rainfall and deficit irrigation under both planting patterns. The 200 mm simulated rainfall amount was more economical than other precipitation amounts, and led to slight increases in soil water storage, total dry matter per plant, and grain yield; there were no significant differences when the simulated rainfall was increased beyond 200 mm. The highest (12593 Yuan ha-1) net income profit was attained using the RF system at 200 mm rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigation, which also led to significantly higher grain yield, WUE, and RIWP than all other treatments. Thus, we recommend the RF2150 treatment for higher productivity, income profit and improve WUE in the dry-land farming system of China.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
RF2150 significantly increased soil water storage at 200 cm depth.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- RF treatment with 200 mm simulated rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- soil water storagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- 200 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RF treatment with 200 mm simulated rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigation (RF2150) significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil water storage in the depth of (200 cm)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
RF2150 reduced field evapotranspiration by 33%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RF treatment with 200 mm simulated rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigatione1
- Outcome
- ETe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced ET at the field scale by 33%”
e1“RF treatment with 200 mm simulated rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigation (RF2150)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
RF2150 increased total dry matter accumulation per plant.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RF treatment with 200 mm simulated rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigatione1
- Outcome
- total dry matter accumulation per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased total dry matter accumulation per plant”
e1“RF treatment with 200 mm simulated rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigation (RF2150)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
RF2150 increased grain filling rate.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RF treatment with 200 mm simulated rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigatione1
- Outcome
- grain-filling ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the grain-filling rate”
e1“RF treatment with 200 mm simulated rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigation (RF2150)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
RF2150 improved biomass yield by 11%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RF treatment with 200 mm simulated rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigatione1
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 11%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved biomass (11%) and grain (19%) yields”
e1“RF treatment with 200 mm simulated rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigation (RF2150)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
RF2150 improved grain yield by 19%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RF treatment with 200 mm simulated rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigatione1
- Outcome
- grain (19%) yieldse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 19%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved biomass (11%) and grain (19%) yields”
e1“RF treatment with 200 mm simulated rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigation (RF2150)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
RF2150 achieved 76% higher WUE than TF.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher WUE (76%) and RIWP (21%) compared to TF”
e1“The RF2150 treatment”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
RF2150 achieved 21% higher RIWP than TF.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RF2150e1
- Outcome
- RIWPe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Comparator
- TFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher WUE (76%) and RIWP (21%) compared to TF”
e1“The RF2150 treatment”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain filling rates and grain weights responded positively to rainfall and irrigation under both planting patterns.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- simulated rainfall and deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Grain-filling rates, grain weight of superior and inferior grainse0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain-filling rates, grain weight of superior and inferior grains, and net economic profit of winter wheat responded positively to simulated rainfall and deficit irrigation under both planting patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
Net economic profit responded positively to rainfall and irrigation under both planting patterns.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- simulated rainfall and deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- net economic profite0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net economic profit of winter wheat responded positively to simulated rainfall and deficit irrigation under both planting patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
The 200 mm simulated rainfall amount was more economical than other amounts.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 200 mm simulated rainfalle0
- Outcome
- economicale0
- Direction
- more economicale0
- Comparator
- other precipitation amountse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 200 mm simulated rainfall amount was more economical than other precipitation amounts”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mm simulated rainfall soil water storage increased slightly.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 200 mm simulated rainfalle0
- Outcome
- soil water storagee0
- Direction
- slight increasese0
- Comparator
- other precipitation amountse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 200 mm simulated rainfall amount was more economical than other precipitation amounts, and led to slight increases in soil water storage, total dry matter per plant, and grain yield”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mm simulated rainfall total dry matter per plant increased slightly.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 200 mm simulated rainfalle0
- Outcome
- total dry matter per plante0
- Direction
- slight increasese0
- Comparator
- other precipitation amountse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 200 mm simulated rainfall amount was more economical than other precipitation amounts, and led to slight increases in soil water storage, total dry matter per plant, and grain yield”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mm simulated rainfall grain yield increased slightly.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 200 mm simulated rainfalle0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- slight increasese0
- Comparator
- other precipitation amountse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 200 mm simulated rainfall amount was more economical than other precipitation amounts, and led to slight increases in soil water storage, total dry matter per plant, and grain yield”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing simulated rainfall beyond 200 mm yielded no significant differences.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- simulated rainfall was increased beyond 200 mme0
- Outcome
- no significant differencese0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- 200 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were no significant differences when the simulated rainfall was increased beyond 200 mm”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
RF2150 gave the highest net income profit, 12593 Yuan ha-1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RF system at 200 mm rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- net income profite0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 12593 Yuan ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest (12593 Yuan ha-1) net income profit was attained using the RF system at 200 mm rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigation”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
RF2150 significantly increased grain yield, WUE and RIWP relative to all other treatments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RF system at 200 mm rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigatione1
- Outcome
- grain yield, WUE, and RIWPe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly higher grain yield, WUE, and RIWP than all other treatments”
e1“RF system at 200 mm rainfall and 150 mm deficit irrigation”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend RF2150 for productivity, income and water use efficiency in dry-land farming in China.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- RF2150 treatment for higher productivity, income profit and improve WUEe0
- Setting
- Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we recommend the RF2150 treatment for higher productivity, income profit and improve WUE in the dry-land farming system of China”
t0“Wheat”
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