Abstract
Summary Dry weight, nutrient content and other properties of winter wheat were measured from anthesis to maturity between 1969 and 1984. From 1969 to 1978 the cultivar Capelle- Desprez was grown either as a first wheat, in the rotation potatoes, beans, wheat, or as a second wheat, in the rotation fallow, wheat, wheat. From 1979 to 1984 the cv. Flanders was grown in the rotation fallow, potatoes, wheat and in this period the wheat was given fungicide sprays. Grain yield of Cappelle-Desprez grown as a first wheat was greater with 96 than with 144 kg N/ha in spring. First wheats yielded much more than second wheats with 96, but not with 144 kg N/ha. Second wheats had more eyespot and take-all, but less mildew, than first wheats. Mildew was more severe with the larger amount of N. Grain yield of Flanders as a first wheat was greater than that of Cappelle-Desprez. Yield of Flanders was greater with 144 than with 96 kg N/ha and it was greater still on plots given 96 kg Nha plus 35 t/ha farmyard manure. Other properties in addition to grain yield were changed by cultivar, rotation and manuring. Examination of the variation between years showed relationships among properties and between some of them and grain yield. Many of the relationships were independent of cultivar or husbandry. Relationships between weather factors and some properties, but not grain yield, were detected. Grain yield of first wheats was closely related to number of grains/m 2 , but the relative importance of number of ears/m 2 and number of grains per ear varied from year to year. Yield was positively related to dry weight per grain in Flanders, but negatively in Cappelle-Desprez. The weight of straw was usually less than that of the total above-ground crop at anthesis, but varied between years in a similar manner. The amount of N in grain plus straw was generally well related to the amount of N in the wheat at anthesis, although the changes in N content after anthesis ranged from a loss of 9 kg/ha to a gain of 51 kg/ha. The uptake of N, P and K was more closely related to dry weight than to nutrient concentration. Variation between years in the proportion in the ear of 14 C supplied to the flag leaf was similar to that of 14 C supplied to the next lower leaf, but was different for 14 C supplied before and after anthesis, and did not relate to other properties. Date of anthesis ranged from 7 June to 5 July. A model incorporating responses to photoperiod, vernalization and temperature accounted for 78% of the variance in date of anthesis. The duration of the period from anthesis to leaf senescence ranged from 33 to 60 days and was linearly related to mean temperature above a base of 7·5 °C. Dry weight per grain was negatively correlated with mean temperature between anthesis and leaf senescence; a relationship including an adjustment for number of grains/m 2 fitted both cultivars. The amount of N in grain plus straw and percentage of N in grain dry matter were decreased by increased rainfall during the 3-week period following the application of N fertilizer in spring. An additional 10 mm of rain decreased N uptake by 2–8 kg/ha and N percentage by 0·055. N uptake in grain plus straw decreased with progressively later sowing. Grain N% was positively correlated with temperature and with radiation during parts of the period of grain growth, but only 10% of the variance was accounted for by the combined effects.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield of Cappelle-Desprez as a first wheat was greater with 96 than with 144 kg N/ha in spring.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Cappelle-Despreze1
- Treatment
- 96e1
- Outcome
- Grain yielde1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- 144 kg N/hae1
- Setting
- Broadbalk fieldt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“Grain yield of Cappelle-Desprez grown as a first wheat was greater with 96 than with 144 kg N/ha in spring”
Claim · model-written summary
First wheats yielded much more than second wheats at 96 kg N/ha.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- First wheatse1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- much moree1
- Qualifier
- but not with 144 kg N/hae1
- Comparator
- second wheatse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“First wheats yielded much more than second wheats with 96, but not with 144 kg N/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Second wheats had more eyespot and take-all than first wheats.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Second wheatse1
- Interactor
- eyespote1pathogen
- Second interactor
- take-alle1pathogen
- Outcome
- eyespot and take-alle1
- Direction
- moree1
- Comparator
- first wheatse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“Second wheats had more eyespot and take-all, but less mildew, than first wheats”
Claim · model-written summary
Second wheats had less mildew than first wheats.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Second wheatse1
- Interactor
- mildewe1pathogen
- Outcome
- mildewe1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Comparator
- first wheatse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“Second wheats had more eyespot and take-all, but less mildew, than first wheats”
Claim · model-written summary
Mildew was more severe with the larger amount of nitrogen.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the larger amount of Ne1
- Interactor
- Mildewe1pathogen
- Outcome
- Mildewe1
- Direction
- more severee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“Mildew was more severe with the larger amount of N”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield of Flanders as a first wheat was greater than that of Cappelle-Desprez.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Flanderse1
- Treatment
- first wheate1
- Outcome
- Grain yielde1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- Cappelle-Despreze1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“Grain yield of Flanders as a first wheat was greater than that of Cappelle-Desprez”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield of Flanders was greater with 144 than with 96 kg N/ha.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Flanderse1
- Treatment
- 144e1
- Outcome
- Yielde1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- 96 kg N/hae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“Yield of Flanders was greater with 144 than with 96 kg N/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Flanders yield was greater still with 96 kg N/ha plus 35 t/ha farmyard manure.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Flanderse1
- Treatment
- 96 kg Nha plus 35 t/ha farmyard manuree2
- Outcome
- Yielde1
- Direction
- greater stille2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“Yield of Flanders was greater with 144 than with 96 kg N/ha”
e2“it was greater still on plots given 96 kg Nha plus 35 t/ha farmyard manure”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield of first wheats was closely related to the number of grains per square metre.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- first wheatse1
- Outcome
- Grain yielde1
- Qualifier
- closely relatede1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“Grain yield of first wheats was closely related to number of grains/m 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was positively related to dry weight per grain in Flanders.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Flanderse1
- Outcome
- Yielde1
- Direction
- positivelye1
- Qualifier
- dry weight per graine1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“Yield was positively related to dry weight per grain in Flanders, but negatively in Cappelle-Desprez”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was negatively related to dry weight per grain in Cappelle-Desprez.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Cappelle-Despreze1
- Outcome
- Yielde1
- Direction
- negativelye1
- Qualifier
- dry weight per graine1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“Yield was positively related to dry weight per grain in Flanders, but negatively in Cappelle-Desprez”
Claim · model-written summary
The amount of N in grain plus straw was generally well related to the amount of N in the wheat at anthesis.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- amount of N in grain plus strawe1
- Qualifier
- generally well relatede1
- Comparator
- amount of N in the wheat at anthesise1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“The amount of N in grain plus straw was generally well related to the amount of N in the wheat at anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
The change in N content after anthesis ranged from a loss of 9 kg/ha to a gain of 51 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- changes in N content after anthesise1
- Value
- a loss of 9 kg/ha to a gain of 51 kg/hae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“the changes in N content after anthesis ranged from a loss of 9 kg/ha to a gain of 51 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Date of anthesis ranged from 7 June to 5 July.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Date of anthesise1
- Value
- 7 June to 5 Julye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“Date of anthesis ranged from 7 June to 5 July”
Claim · model-written summary
A model with photoperiod, vernalization and temperature responses accounted for 78% of the variance in date of anthesis.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- variance in date of anthesise1
- Value
- 78%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“A model incorporating responses to photoperiod, vernalization and temperature accounted for 78% of the variance in date of anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
The period from anthesis to leaf senescence lasted 33 to 60 days and was linearly related to mean temperature above 7·5 °C.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mean temperature above a base of 7·5 °Ce1
- Outcome
- duration of the period from anthesis to leaf senescencee1
- Value
- 33 to 60 dayse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“The duration of the period from anthesis to leaf senescence ranged from 33 to 60 days and was linearly related to mean temperature above a base of 7·5 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry weight per grain was negatively correlated with mean temperature between anthesis and leaf senescence.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mean temperature between anthesis and leaf senescencee1
- Outcome
- Dry weight per graine1
- Direction
- negatively correlatede1
- Qualifier
- a relationship including an adjustment for number of grains/m 2 fitted both cultivarse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“Dry weight per grain was negatively correlated with mean temperature between anthesis and leaf senescence”
e2“a relationship including an adjustment for number of grains/m 2 fitted both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased rainfall in the 3-week period after spring N application decreased N in grain plus straw and N percentage in grain.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increased rainfall during the 3-week period following the application of N fertilizer in springe1
- Outcome
- amount of N in grain plus straw and percentage of N in grain dry mattere1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“The amount of N in grain plus straw and percentage of N in grain dry matter were decreased by increased rainfall during the 3-week period following the application of N fertilizer in spring”
Claim · model-written summary
An additional 10 mm of rain decreased N uptake by 2–8 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- An additional 10 mm of raine1
- Outcome
- N uptakee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 2–8 kg/hae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“An additional 10 mm of rain decreased N uptake by 2–8 kg/ha and N percentage by 0·055”
Claim · model-written summary
An additional 10 mm of rain decreased N percentage in grain by 0·055.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- An additional 10 mm of raine1
- Outcome
- N percentagee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 0·055e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat on Broadbalk field”
e1“An additional 10 mm of rain decreased N uptake by 2–8 kg/ha and N percentage by 0·055”
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