Abstract
SUMMARY The effects of simulated additional rain (ear wetting, 25 mm) or of rain shelter imposed at different periods after anthesis on grain quality at maturity and the dynamics of grain filling and desiccation were investigated in UK field-grown crops of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cvar Tybalt) in 2011 and in 2012 when June–August rainfall was 255·0 and 214·6 mm, respectively, and above the decadal mean (157·4 mm). Grain filling and desiccation were quantified well by broken-stick regressions and Gompertz curves, respectively. Rain shelter for 56 (2011) or 70 days (2012) after anthesis, and to a lesser extent during late maturation only, resulted in more rapid desiccation and hence progress to harvest maturity whereas ear wetting had negligible effects, even when applied four times. Grain-filling duration was also affected as above in 2011, but with no significant effect in 2012. In both years, there were strong positive associations between final grain dry weight and duration of filling. The treatments affected all grain quality traits in 2011: nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) concentrations, N : S ratio, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) sedimentation volume, Hagberg Falling Number (HFN), and the incidence of blackpoint. Only N concentration and blackpoint were affected significantly by treatments in 2012. Rain shelter throughout grain filling reduced N concentration, whereas rain shelter reduced the incidence of blackpoint and ear wetting increased it. In 2011, rain shelter throughout reduced S concentration, increased N : S ratio and reduced SDS. Treatment effects on HFN were not consistent within or between years. Nevertheless, a comparison between the extreme treatment means in 2012 indicated damage from late rain combined with ear wetting resulted in a reduction of c . 0·7 s in HFN/mm August rainfall, while that between samples taken immediately after ear wetting at harvest maturity or 7 days later suggested recovery from damage to HFN upon re-drying in planta . Hence, the incidence of blackpoint was the only grain quality trait affected consistently by the diverse treatments. The remaining aspects of grain quality were comparatively resilient to rain incident upon developing and maturing ears of cvar Tybalt. No consistent temporal patterns of sensitivity to shelter or ear wetting were detected for any aspect of grain quality.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Broken-stick regressions quantified grain filling well.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- Grain fillinge0
- Comparator
- broken-stick regressionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain filling and desiccation were quantified well by broken-stick regressions and Gompertz curves, respectively”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Gompertz curves quantified desiccation well.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- desiccatione0
- Comparator
- Gompertz curvese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain filling and desiccation were quantified well by broken-stick regressions and Gompertz curves, respectively”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term rain shelter accelerated desiccation and harvest maturity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Rain shelter for 56 (2011) or 70 days (2012) after anthesise0
- Outcome
- desiccation and hence progress to harvest maturitye0
- Direction
- more rapide0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rain shelter for 56 (2011) or 70 days (2012) after anthesis, and to a lesser extent during late maturation only, resulted in more rapid desiccation and hence progress to harvest maturity”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear wetting had negligible effects on desiccation and maturity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ear wettinge0
- Outcome
- negligible effectse0
- Direction
- negligiblee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ear wetting had negligible effects, even when applied four times”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain-filling duration was affected in 2011.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rain sheltert0
- Outcome
- Grain-filling duratione0
- Qualifier
- 2011e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain-filling duration was also affected as above in 2011”
t0“rain shelter or simulated rain during grain filling and maturation on subsequent wheat grain quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain-filling duration showed no significant treatment effect in 2012.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rain sheltert0
- Outcome
- Grain-filling duratione1
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with no significant effect in 2012”
t0“rain shelter or simulated rain during grain filling and maturation on subsequent wheat grain quality”
e1“Grain-filling duration was also affected as above in 2011”
Claim · model-written summary
Final grain dry weight was positively associated with filling duration in both years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- duration of fillinge0
- Outcome
- final grain dry weighte0
- Direction
- positive associationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both years, there were strong positive associations between final grain dry weight and duration of filling”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rain shelter throughout grain filling reduced grain nitrogen concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Rain shelter throughout grain fillinge0
- Outcome
- N concentratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rain shelter throughout grain filling reduced N concentration”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rain shelter reduced blackpoint incidence.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rain sheltere0
- Outcome
- incidence of blackpointe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rain shelter reduced the incidence of blackpoint”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear wetting increased blackpoint incidence.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ear wettinge0
- Outcome
- incidence of blackpointe1
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ear wetting increased it”
t0“wheat grain quality”
e1“rain shelter reduced the incidence of blackpoint”
Claim · model-written summary
Rain shelter reduced sulfur concentration in 2011.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rain shelter throughoute0
- Outcome
- S concentratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2011, rain shelter throughout reduced S concentration”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rain shelter increased nitrogen to sulfur ratio in 2011.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rain shelter throughoute0
- Outcome
- N : S ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2011, rain shelter throughout reduced S concentration, increased N : S ratio and reduced SDS”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rain shelter reduced SDS sedimentation in 2011.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rain shelter throughoute0
- Outcome
- SDSe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2011, rain shelter throughout reduced S concentration, increased N : S ratio and reduced SDS”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment effects on HFN were inconsistent across and within years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Treatment effects on HFNe0
- Qualifier
- not consistent within or between yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment effects on HFN were not consistent within or between years”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late rain plus ear wetting reduced HFN by about 0.7 s per millimeter of August rain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- late rain combined with ear wettinge0
- Outcome
- HFNe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- c . 0·7 s in HFN/mm August rainfalle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“late rain combined with ear wetting resulted in a reduction of c . 0·7 s in HFN/mm August rainfall”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
HFN appeared to recover after seven days of drying on the plant.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- recovery from damage to HFNe0
- Qualifier
- upon re-drying in plantae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggested recovery from damage to HFN upon re-drying in planta”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Blackpoint incidence was the only grain quality trait consistently affected by treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- incidence of blackpointe0
- Qualifier
- only grain quality trait affected consistentlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the incidence of blackpoint was the only grain quality trait affected consistently by the diverse treatments”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
No consistent periods of sensitivity to shelter or ear wetting were detected.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- temporal patterns of sensitivitye0
- Qualifier
- No consistente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No consistent temporal patterns of sensitivity to shelter or ear wetting were detected for any aspect of grain quality”
t0“wheat”
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