Abstract
The double cropping of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize ( Zea mays L.) in the North China Plain (NCP) requires intensive irrigation that results in rapidly depleting aquifers and threatens the sustainable agricultural development in the region. This study investigated the possibility of growing winter wheat and maize with minimum irrigation (MI) by bringing soil moisture in the top root zone to field capacity at sowing with no further irrigation afterwards. Results over 8 yr (1997–2005) showed that grain yield of winter wheat was over 5000 kg ha −1 and maize was over 6000 kg ha −1 in most of the seasons under MI. The average yield was decreased by 14% for winter wheat and 13% for maize compared with the fully irrigated treatment (FI). Water use efficiency (WUE) under MI was increased by 15% for winter wheat and 10% for maize compared with that under FI. Average seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) was 335 mm under MI and 447 mm under FI for winter wheat, and 319 mm and 403 mm for maize, respectively. The annual irrigation requirement of MI was only half that of FI. Yield reduction in MI was negatively related to seasonal rainfall (significant at P < 0.05). The success of MI depended on the deeper root system of winter wheat using soil moisture that accumulated below the shallower rooted maize over the summer rainfall season. The results showed that an MI strategy that would be simple to implement for farmers would contribute significantly to the sustainability of the groundwater resource.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat grain yield exceeded 5000 kg ha −1 in most seasons under minimum irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- overe0
- Value
- over 5000 kg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield of winter wheat was over 5000 kg ha −1 and maize was over 6000 kg ha −1 in most of the seasons under MI”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize grain yield exceeded 6000 kg ha −1 in most seasons under minimum irrigation.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield of winter wheat was over 5000 kg ha −1 and maize was over 6000 kg ha −1 in most of the seasons under MI”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum irrigation lowered average winter wheat yield by 14% versus full irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- MIe1
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- fully irrigated treatment (FI)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average yield was decreased by 14% for winter wheat and 13% for maize compared with the fully irrigated treatment (FI)”
e1“in most of the seasons under MI”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum irrigation lowered average maize yield by 13% versus full irrigation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average yield was decreased by 14% for winter wheat and 13% for maize compared with the fully irrigated treatment (FI)”
e1“in most of the seasons under MI”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum irrigation raised winter wheat water use efficiency by 15% versus full irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- Water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water use efficiency (WUE) under MI was increased by 15% for winter wheat and 10% for maize compared with that under FI”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum irrigation raised maize water use efficiency by 10% versus full irrigation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water use efficiency (WUE) under MI was increased by 15% for winter wheat and 10% for maize compared with that under FI”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat seasonal evapotranspiration was 335 mm under minimum irrigation versus 447 mm under full irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- seasonal evapotranspiration (ET)e0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 335 mme0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) was 335 mm under MI and 447 mm under FI for winter wheat”
e1“Water use efficiency (WUE) under MI was increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize seasonal evapotranspiration was 319 mm under minimum irrigation versus 403 mm under full irrigation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“319 mm and 403 mm for maize, respectively”
e1“Average seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) was 335 mm under MI and 447 mm under FI”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum irrigation required half the annual irrigation of full irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- annual irrigation requiremente0
- Direction
- only halfe0
- Value
- halfe0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The annual irrigation requirement of MI was only half that of FI”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield reduction under minimum irrigation was negatively related to seasonal rainfall.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- seasonal rainfalle0
- Outcome
- Yield reductione0
- Direction
- negatively relatede0
- Qualifier
- MIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield reduction in MI was negatively related to seasonal rainfall (significant at P < 0.05)”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize ( Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed minimum irrigation success to deeper wheat roots accessing moisture below maize roots.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- root systeme0
- Outcome
- success of MIe0
- Qualifier
- using soil moisture that accumulated below the shallower rooted maize over the summer rainfall seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The success of MI depended on the deeper root system of winter wheat using soil moisture that accumulated below the shallower rooted maize over the summer rainfall season”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded minimum irrigation could support groundwater sustainability.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- an MI strategye0
- Qualifier
- sustainability of the groundwater resourcee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an MI strategy that would be simple to implement for farmers would contribute significantly to the sustainability of the groundwater resource”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize ( Zea mays L.)”
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