Abstract
● Compared with rain-fed (RF) and conventional irrigation (CI), micro-sprinkler irrigation (MI) simultaneously improved the grain yield (GY) and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat. ● MI enhanced the leaf stress resistance to delay senescence and strengthened root vigor during grain filling. ● Topsoil compaction after wheat sowing only increased the GY and WUE under RF conditions. Increasing the grain yield (GY) and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat in the Huaibei Plain (HP), China are essential. However, the effects of micro-sprinkler irrigation and topsoil compaction after wheat seed sowing on the GY and WUE are unclear. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted during the 2021–2023 winter wheat growing seasons with a total six treatments: rain-fed (RF), conventional irrigation (CI) and micro-sprinkler irrigation (MI), as well as topsoil compaction after seed sowing under these three irrigation methods (RFC, CIC, and MIC). The results in the two years indicated that MI significantly increased GY compared to CI and RF, by averages of 17.9 and 42.1%, respectively. The increase in GY of MI was due to its significant increases in the number of spikes, kernels per spike, and grain weight. The chlorophyll concentration in flag leaves of MI after the anthesis stage maintained higher levels than with CI and RF, and was the lowest in RF. This was due to the dramatically enhanced catalase and peroxidase activities and lower malondialdehyde content under MI. Compared with RF and CI, MI significantly promoted dry matter remobilization and production after anthesis, as well as its contribution to GY. In addition, MI significantly boosted root growth, and root activity during the grain-filling stage was remarkably enhanced compared to CI and RF. In 2021–2022, there was no significant difference in WUE between MI and RF, but the WUE of RF was significantly lower than that of MI in 2022–2023. However, the WUE in MI was significantly improved compared to CI, and it increased by averages of 15.1 and 17.6% for the two years. Topsoil compaction significantly increased GY and WUE under rain-fed conditions due to improved spike numbers and dry matter production. Overall, topsoil compaction is advisable for enhancing GY and WUE in rain-fed conditions, whereas micro-sprinkler irrigation can be adopted to simultaneously achieve high GY and WUE in the HP.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Micro sprinkler irrigation raised wheat grain yield 17.9% versus conventional irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.9e0
- Comparator
- CIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MI significantly increased GY compared to CI and RF, by averages of 17.9 and 42.1%, respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro sprinkler irrigation raised wheat grain yield 42.1% versus rain fed.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42.1%e0
- Comparator
- RFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MI significantly increased GY compared to CI and RF, by averages of 17.9 and 42.1%, respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro sprinkler irrigation increased spike number, kernels per spike and grain weight.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MIe1
- Outcome
- number of spikes, kernels per spike, and grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- CI and RFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its significant increases in the number of spikes, kernels per spike, and grain weight.”
e1“MI significantly increased GY compared to CI and RF”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro sprinkler irrigation kept flag leaf chlorophyll above conventional and rain fed levels after anthesis.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CI and RFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chlorophyll concentration in flag leaves of MI after the anthesis stage maintained higher levels than with CI and RF, and was the lowest in RF.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rain fed wheat had the lowest flag leaf chlorophyll concentration.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RFe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chlorophyll concentration in flag leaves of MI after the anthesis stage maintained higher levels than with CI and RF, and was the lowest in RF.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro sprinkler irrigation enhanced catalase and peroxidase activity.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- catalase and peroxidase activitiese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- CI and RFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dramatically enhanced catalase and peroxidase activities and lower malondialdehyde content under MI.”
e1“than with CI and RF”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro sprinkler irrigation reduced malondialdehyde content.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- CI and RFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower malondialdehyde content under MI.”
e1“than with CI and RF”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro sprinkler irrigation promoted dry matter remobilization and production after anthesis.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- dry matter remobilization and productione0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- RF and CIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with RF and CI, MI significantly promoted dry matter remobilization and production after anthesis, as well as its contribution to GY.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro sprinkler irrigation increased the contribution of dry matter to grain yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- contribution to GYe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- RF and CIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with RF and CI, MI significantly promoted dry matter remobilization and production after anthesis, as well as its contribution to GY.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro sprinkler irrigation boosted root growth.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- boostede0
- Comparator
- CI and RFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MI significantly boosted root growth, and root activity during the grain-filling stage was remarkably enhanced compared to CI and RF.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro sprinkler irrigation enhanced root activity during grain filling.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- root activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- CI and RFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MI significantly boosted root growth, and root activity during the grain-filling stage was remarkably enhanced compared to CI and RF.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency did not significantly differ between micro sprinkler and rain fed irrigation in 2021–2022.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- RFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2021–2022, there was no significant difference in WUE between MI and RF”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rain fed water use efficiency was significantly lower than micro sprinkler in 2022–2023.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the WUE of RF was significantly lower than that of MI in 2022–2023.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro sprinkler increased water use efficiency over conventional irrigation by 15.1% in the first year.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.1e0
- Comparator
- CIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the WUE in MI was significantly improved compared to CI, and it increased by averages of 15.1 and 17.6% for the two years.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro sprinkler increased water use efficiency over conventional irrigation by 17.6% in the second year.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MIe0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.6%e0
- Comparator
- CIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the WUE in MI was significantly improved compared to CI, and it increased by averages of 15.1 and 17.6% for the two years.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Topsoil compaction increased grain yield under rain fed conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Topsoil compactione0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Topsoil compaction significantly increased GY and WUE under rain-fed conditions due to improved spike numbers and dry matter production.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Topsoil compaction increased water use efficiency under rain fed conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Topsoil compactione0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Topsoil compaction significantly increased GY and WUE under rain-fed conditions due to improved spike numbers and dry matter production.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Topsoil compaction improved spike numbers and dry matter production under rain fed conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Topsoil compactione0
- Outcome
- spike numbers and dry matter productione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Topsoil compaction significantly increased GY and WUE under rain-fed conditions due to improved spike numbers and dry matter production.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend topsoil compaction in rain fed conditions to improve grain yield and water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- topsoil compaction is advisable for enhancing GY and WUE in rain-fed conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“topsoil compaction is advisable for enhancing GY and WUE in rain-fed conditions”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend micro sprinkler irrigation for high yield and water use efficiency in the Huaibei Plain.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- micro-sprinkler irrigation can be adopted to simultaneously achieve high GY and WUE in the HPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“micro-sprinkler irrigation can be adopted to simultaneously achieve high GY and WUE in the HP.”
t0“winter wheat”
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