Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vermicompost contains humic acids, nutrients, earthworm excretions, beneficial microbes, growth hormones, and enzymes, which help plants to tolerate a variety of abiotic stresses. Effective microorganisms (EM) include a wide range of microorganisms' e.g. photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, actinomycetes, and fermenting fungi that can stimulate plant growth and improve soil fertility. To our knowledge, no study has yet investigated the possible role of vermicompost and EM dual application in enhancing plant tolerance to water scarcity. METHODS: Consequently, the current study investigated the effectiveness of vermicompost and EM in mitigating drought-induced changes in wheat. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with twelve treatments. The treatments included control, as well as individual and combined applications of vermicompost and EM at three different irrigation levels (100%, 70%, and 30% of field capacity). RESULTS: The findings demonstrated that the application of vermicompost and/or EM significantly improved wheat growth and productivity, as well as alleviated drought-induced oxidative damage with decreased the generation of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide. This was achieved by upregulating the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase. Vermicompost and/or EM treatments also enhanced the antioxidant defense system by increasing the content of antioxidant molecules such as ascorbate, glutathione, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Additionally, the overproduction of methylglyoxal in water-stressed treated plants was controlled by the enhanced activity of the glyoxalase system enzymes; glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. The treated plants maintained higher water content related to the higher content of osmotic regulatory substances like soluble sugars, free amino acids, glycinebetaine, and proline. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, we offer the first report that identifies the underlying mechanism by which the dual application of vermicompost and EM confers drought tolerance in wheat by improving osmolyte accumulation and modulating antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost improved wheat growth and productivity under drought.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- growth and productivitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of vermicompost and/or EM significantly improved wheat growth and productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Effective microorganisms improved wheat growth and productivity under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- EMe0
- Interactor
- EMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and productivitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of vermicompost and/or EM significantly improved wheat growth and productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost and EM together improved wheat growth and productivity under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- vermicompost and/or EMe0
- Interactor
- EMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and productivitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of vermicompost and/or EM significantly improved wheat growth and productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments reduced superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- vermicompost and/or EMe1
- Outcome
- generation of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviated drought-induced oxidative damage with decreased the generation of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide”
e1“application of vermicompost and/or EM significantly improved wheat growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments upregulated antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- vermicompost and/or EMe1
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- activities of several antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulating the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase”
e1“application of vermicompost and/or EM significantly improved wheat growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments increased antioxidant molecules.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Vermicompost and/or EM treatmentse0
- Outcome
- content of antioxidant moleculese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vermicompost and/or EM treatments also enhanced the antioxidant defense system by increasing the content of antioxidant molecules such as ascorbate, glutathione, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids”
e1“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyoxalase I and II activity controlled methylglyoxal overproduction in water stressed plants.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- glyoxalase I and glyoxalase IIe0
- Outcome
- overproduction of methylglyoxale0
- Qualifier
- water-stressed treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overproduction of methylglyoxal in water-stressed treated plants was controlled by the enhanced activity of the glyoxalase system enzymes; glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated plants maintained higher water content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treated plantse0
- Outcome
- water contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treated plants maintained higher water content related to the higher content of osmotic regulatory substances like soluble sugars, free amino acids, glycinebetaine, and proline”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated plants had higher content of osmotic regulatory substances.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treated plantse0
- Outcome
- content of osmotic regulatory substancese0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treated plants maintained higher water content related to the higher content of osmotic regulatory substances like soluble sugars, free amino acids, glycinebetaine, and proline”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute dual application drought tolerance to osmolyte accumulation and antioxidant and glyoxalase regulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- dual application of vermicompost and EMe0
- Interactor
- EMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- improving osmolyte accumulation and modulating antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dual application of vermicompost and EM confers drought tolerance in wheat by improving osmolyte accumulation and modulating antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems”
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